On the Impact of Lacing Reinforcement Arrangement on Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams Performance
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-02-019Keywords:
Lacing Reinforcement, Deep Beam, Vertical Stripes, Self-Compacting Concrete, Shear.Abstract
The optimum design is characterized by structural concrete components that can sustain loads well beyond the yielding stage. This is often accomplished by a fulfilled ductility index, which is greatly influenced by the arrangement of the shear reinforcement. The current study investigates the impact of the shear reinforcement arrangement on the structural response of the deep beams using a variety of parameters, including the type of shear reinforcement, the number of lacing bars, and the lacing arrangement pattern. It was found that lacing reinforcement, as opposed to vertical stirrups, enhanced the overall structural response of deep beams, as evidenced by test results showing increases in ultimate loads, yielding, and cracking of 30.6, 20.8, and 100%, respectively. There was also a 53.6% increase in absorbed energy at the ultimate load. The shear reinforcement arrangement had a greater impact and a significant effect on the structural response than the number of lacing bars. For lacing reinforcement with a phase difference equivalent to the half-lacing cycle (i.e., phase lag lacing), the percentage of improvement under different loading stages was 6.7-27.1% and 20.8-113.3%, respectively. The structural responses are significantly impacted by the lacing arrangement; members with two and three lacing bars, respectively, exhibited improvements in ultimate load of 30.6% and 47%. Beyond the yielding stage, the phase lag lacing specimens deviated from those without phase lag lacing and normal shear stirrups because of the lacing contribution. Phase lag specimens showed more strain than specimens without phase lag lacing, meaning that the lacing reinforcement contributed more to the beam strength. It was found that the first shear cracking load of all the laced reinforced specimens was higher than that of the conventional shear stirrup specimens. Phase lag lacing produced the greatest improvement, with two bars achieving 92.44% and three bars achieving 217.07%. For the aforementioned number of bars, lacing shear reinforcement without phase lag was less successful, with 36.91% and 46.53%, respectively.
Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-02-019
Full Text: PDF
References
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[42] Allawi, A. A., Shubber, A. N., Al Gharawi, M., El-Zohairy, A., Ibrahim, T. H., Al-Ahmed, A. H. A., & Arafa, I. T. (2023). Enhancement of RC T-beams toughness using laced stirrups reinforcement for blast response predictions. Structural Concrete, 24(3), 3839–3856. doi:10.1002/suco.202200894.
[2] Yang, K. H., & Ashour, A. (2007). Tests on reinforced concrete deep beams. Concrete (London), 41(1), 42–44. doi:10.14359/10558.
[3] Saleh, M., AlHamaydeh, M., & Zakaria, M. (2023). Finite element analysis of reinforced concrete deep beams with square web openings using damage plasticity model. Engineering Structures, 278, 115496. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.115496.
[4] Allawi, A. A., Oukaili, N. K., & Jasim, W. A. (2021). Strength compensation of deep beams with large web openings using carbon fiber–reinforced polymer sheets. Advances in Structural Engineering, 24(1), 165–182. doi:10.1177/1369433220947195.
[5] M. Mhalhal, J., S. Al-Gasham, T., & A. Jabir, H. (2018). New Technique to Enhance the Shear Performance of RC Deep Beams Using Mild Steel Plates. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(4.20), 86. doi:10.14419/ijet.v7i4.20.25854.
[6] Woodson, S. C. (1992). Lacing versus stirrups: An experimental study of shear reinforcement in blast-resistant structures. Waterways Experiment Station, Structures Laboratory, US Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, United States.
[7] Fan, S., Zhang, Y., & Tan, K. H. (2022). Fire behaviour of deep beams under unsymmetrical loading. Engineering Structures, 250, 113419. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.113419.
[8] Campione, G., & Minafò, G. (2012). Behaviour of concrete deep beams with openings and low shear span-to-depth ratio. Engineering Structures, 41, 294-306. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.03.055.
[9] Fan, S., Tan, K. H., & Nguyen, M. P. (2018). Numerical model to determine shear capacity of reinforced concrete deep beams exposed to fire. Fib Symposium, 1410–1419. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-59471-2_162.
[10] Kareem, A., & Mohammed, S. D. (2023). The Experimental and Theoretical Effect of Fire on the Structural Behavior of Laced Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams. Engineering, Technology and Applied Science Research, 13(5), 11795–11800. doi:10.48084/etasr.6272.
[11] Ali Al-Tameemi, S. K., Al-hasany, E. G., Mohammad, H. K., Jabir, H. A., Ibrahim, T. H., Allawi, A. A., & El-Zohairy, A. (2024). Simulation and design model for reinforced concrete slabs with lacing systems. Advances in Structural Engineering, 27(5), 871–892. doi:10.1177/13694332241237576.
[12] Al-Ghrery, K., Al-Mahaidi, R., Kalfat, R., Oukaili, N., & Al-Mosawe, A. (2021). Experimental Investigation of Curved-Soffit RC Bridge Girders Strengthened in Flexure Using CFRP Composites. Journal of Bridge Engineering, 26(4), 04021009. doi:10.1061/(asce)be.1943-5592.0001691.
[13] Anandavalli, N., Lakshmanan, N., Iyer, N. R., Prakash, A., Ramanjaneyulu, K., Rajasankar, J., & Rajagopal, C. (2012). Behaviour of a blast loaded laced reinforced concrete structure. Defence Science Journal, 62(5), 284–289. doi:10.14429/dsj.62.820.
[14] Anandavalli, N., Lakshmanan, N., Prakash, A., Rajasankar, J., & Iyer, N. R. (2015). Numerical Investigations on a Blast Loaded Laced Reinforced Concrete Structure using an Equivalent Constitutive Property. Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series A, 96(4), 311–318. doi:10.1007/s40030-015-0139-6.
[15] Anandavalli, N., Lakshmanan, N., Knight, G. S., Iyer, N. R., & Rajasankar, J. (2012). Performance of laced steel–concrete composite (LSCC) beams under monotonic loading. Engineering Structures, 41, 177-185. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.03.033.
[16] Park, R., & Ruitong, D. (1988). Ductility of Doubly Reinforced Concrete Beam Sections. ACI Structural Journal, 85(2), 217–225. doi:10.14359/2760.
[17] Ismael, T. M., & Mohammed, S. D. (2021). Structural performance of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete slabs with expanded clay aggregate. Materials Today: Proceedings, 42(4), 2901–2908. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.746.
[18] Adnan Hadi, M., & Mohammed, S. D. (2021). Improving torsional - Flexural resistance of concrete beams reinforced by hooked and straight steel fibers. Materials Today: Proceedings, 42, 3072–3082. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.1046.
[19] Poongodi, K., Murthi, P., & Gobinath, R. (2020). Evaluation of ductility index enhancement level of banana fibre reinforced lightweight self-compacting concrete beam. Materials Today: Proceedings, 39(1), 131–136. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.06.397.
[20] Seleem, M. H., Megahed, F. A., Badawy, A. A. M., & Sharaky, I. A. (2023). Performance of NSM and EB methods on the flexural capacity of the RC beams strengthened with reinforced HSC layers. Structures, 56, 104950. doi:10.1016/j.istruc.2023.104950
[21] Maghsoudi, A. A., & Akbarzadeh Bengar, H. (2006). Flexural ductility of HSC members. Structural Engineering and Mechanics, 24(2), 195–212. doi:10.12989/sem.2006.24.2.195.
[22] Al-Gasham, T. S., Mhalhal, J. M., & Abid, S. R. (2020). Flexural Behavior of Laced Reinforced Concrete Moderately Deep Beams. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 13, e00363. doi:10.1016/j.cscm.2020.e00363.
[23] Lakshmanan, N. (2008). Laced reinforced concrete construction technique for blast resistant design of structures. Proceedings of the Sixth Structural Engineering Convention, 18-20 December, 2008, Chennai, India.
[24] Allawi, A. A., & Jabir, H. A. (2016). Experimental Behavior of Laced Reinforced Concrete One Way Slab under Static Load. Journal of Engineering, 22(5), 42–59. doi:10.31026/j.eng.2016.05.04.
[25] Hallawi, A. F., & Al-Ahmed, A. H. A. (2019). Enhancing the Behavior of One-Way Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Using Laced Reinforcement. Civil Engineering Journal (Iran), 5(3), 718–728. doi:10.28991/cej-2019-03091282.
[26] Abdullah, A. I., & Al-Khazraji, S. D. M. (2019). Structural Behavior of High Strength Laced Reinforced Concrete One Way Slab Exposed to Fire Flame. Civil Engineering Journal (Iran), 5(12), 2747–2761. doi:10.28991/cej-2019-03091446.
[27] Abdullah, M., Nakamura, H., & Miura, T. (2024). Experimental investigation on influence of vertical stirrup legs to shear failure behavior in RC beams. Developments in the Built Environment, 18(100451). doi:10.1016/j.dibe.2024.100451.
[28] Johnson, B. G. C., Ramasamy, M., & Narayanan, A. (2024). Experimental study and assessment of the structural performance of laced reinforced concrete beams against reverse cyclic loading. Matéria (Rio de Janeiro), 29(1), e20240001. doi:10.1590/1517-7076-rmat-2024-0001.
[29] Bello, B.R., & Dela Cruz, O.G. (2024). Shear and Flexural Performance of Reinforced Concrete Beams with Modified Shear Reinforcement: A Literature Review. Proceedings of the International Conference on Geosynthetics and Environmental Engineering, ICGEE 2023, Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 374, Springer, Singapore. doi:10.1007/978-981-99-4229-9_9.
[30] Bello, B. R., Dela Cruz, O. G., Muhi, M. M., & Guades, E. J. (2024). Enhancing the Flexural Capacity of Reinforced Concrete Beam by Using Modified Shear Reinforcement. Civil Engineering Journal (Iran), 10(6), 1720–1741. doi:10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-06-02.
[31] Iraqi Specification No. 5. (2019). Portland Cement. Central Agency for Standardization and Quality Control, Baghdad, Iraq.
[32] Iraqi Specification No. 45. (1984). Aggregate from Natural Sources for Concrete and Construction. Central Organization for Standardization and Quality Control, Baghdad, Iraq.
[33] ASTM C1240-20. (2020). Standard Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious Mixtures. ASTM International, Pennsylvania, United States. doi:10.1520/C1240-20.
[34] ASTM C494/C494M-17. (2020). Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete. ASTM International, Pennsylvania, United States. doi:10.1520/C0494_C0494M-17.
[35] ASTM A615/A615M-05a. (2017). Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement. ASTM International, Pennsylvania, United States. doi:10.1520/A0615_A0615M-05A.
[36] EFNARC. (2005). European Guidelines for Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC). EFNARC, FLUMS, Switzerland.
[37] Coronado, C. A., & Lopez, M. M. (2006). Sensitivity analysis of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with FRP laminates. Cement and Concrete Composites, 28(1), 102–114. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2005.07.005.
[38] Kent, D. C., & Park, R. (1971). Flexural Members with Confined Concrete. Journal of the Structural Division, 97(7), 1969–1990. doi:10.1061/jsdeag.0002957.
[39] Wang, T., & Hsu, T. T. C. (2001). Nonlinear finite element analysis of concrete structures using new constitutive models. Computers & Structures, 79(32), 2781–2791. doi:10.1016/S0045-7949(01)00157-2.
[40] Soboyejo, W. (2002). Mechanical properties of engineered materials. CRC Press, New York, United States. doi:10.1201/9780203910399.
[41] Aslani, F., & Samali, B. (2014). Flexural toughness characteristics of self-compacting concrete incorporating steel and polypropylene fibres. Australian Journal of Structural Engineering, 15(3), 269–286. doi:10.7158/S13-011.2014.15.3.
[42] Allawi, A. A., Shubber, A. N., Al Gharawi, M., El-Zohairy, A., Ibrahim, T. H., Al-Ahmed, A. H. A., & Arafa, I. T. (2023). Enhancement of RC T-beams toughness using laced stirrups reinforcement for blast response predictions. Structural Concrete, 24(3), 3839–3856. doi:10.1002/suco.202200894.
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