Prediction of Rutting in Flexible Pavements using Finite Element Method
Vol. 7 No. 8 (2021): August
Research Articles
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In this research study three dimensional (3D) finite element analysis are performed on a flexible pavement section for different material properties, temperature and loading conditions. The main objective of this study is to predict the rut depth under different conditions of temperature, loadings and material properties. Three dimensional finite element model of flexible pavement is developed using ABAQUS to predict rut depth. The pavement system is assumed to be an elastic multi-layers system with each layer being isotropic, homogeneous with specified Resilient Modulus (Mr) and Poisson ratio (µ). With the exception of the bottom subgrade layer, each layer is extending to an unlimited horizontal extent and has a finite thickness. The pavement system analyze in this study for a cyclic load of 10000 cycles taken as 0.01sec per cycle. Standard Axle Load (ESAL) of 18 kips (80 kN) loading on an axle with a dual set of tires, the wheel spacing is 13.78 in (350 mm) with a tire contact pressure of 100 psi (0.69 MPa) is used. After performing a series of analysis the results showed that rut depth increases with increase in temperature and loading and decreases by using base stabilizer.
Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091727
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Asim, M., Ahmad, M., Alam, M., Ullah, S., Iqbal, M. J., & Ali, S. (2021). Prediction of Rutting in Flexible Pavements using Finite Element Method. Civil Engineering Journal, 7(8), 1310–1326. https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2021-03091727
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[1] Ebrahim Abu El-Maaty, Ahmed. "Temperature Change Implications for Flexible Pavement Performance and Life.” International Journal of Transportation Engineering and Technology 3, no. 1 (2017): 1. doi:10.11648/j.ijtet.20170301.11.
[2] Dinegdae, Yared H., and Björn Birgisson. "Effects of Truck Traffic on Top-down Fatigue Cracking Performance of Flexible Pavements Using a New Mechanics-Based Analysis Framework.” Road Materials and Pavement Design 19, no. 1 (November 14, 2016): 182–200. doi:10.1080/14680629.2016.1251958.
[3] Wei, Lu, Sascha Kayser, and Frohmut Wellner. "Impact of Surface Temperature on Fatigue Damage in Asphalt Pavement.” Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development (English Edition) 7, no. 3 (September 2013): 1–6. doi:10.1061/jhtrcq.0000324
[4] Kang, Hai-Gui, Yuan-xun ZHENG, Ying-chun CAI, and Yan LIU. "Regression analysis of actual measurement of temperature field distribution rules of asphalt pavement [J]." China Journal of Highway and Transport 20, no. 6 (2007): 13-18.
[5] Zuo, Gang, Eric C. Drumm, and Roger W. Meier. "Environmental Effects on the Predicted Service Life of Flexible Pavements.” Journal of Transportation Engineering 133, no. 1 (January 2007): 47–56. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-947x(2007)133:1(47).
[6] Li, Qiang, Leslie Nii Odartey Mills, Sue McNeil, and Nii Attoh-Okine. Exploring Impact of Climate Change on Pavement Performance and Design. No. 12-2096. 2012.
[7] Qiao, Yaning, Gerardo W. Flintsch, Andrew R. Dawson, and Tony Parry. "Examining Effects of Climatic Factors on Flexible Pavement Performance and Service Life.” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2349, no. 1 (January 2013): 100–107. doi:10.3141/2349-12.
[8] Byram, Daniel, Danny X. Xiao, Kelvin CP Wang, and Kevin D. Hall. Sensitivity analysis of climatic influence on MEPDG flexible pavement performance predictions. No. 12-4043. (2012).
[9] Saha, Jhuma, Somayeh Nassiri, Alireza Bayat, and Hamid Soleymani. "Evaluation of the Effects of Canadian Climate Conditions on the MEPDG Predictions for Flexible Pavement Performance.” International Journal of Pavement Engineering 15, no. 5 (December 17, 2012): 392–401. doi:10.1080/10298436.2012.752488.
[10] Ramos García, J. Antonio, and María Castro. "Analysis of the Temperature Influence on Flexible Pavement Deflection.” Construction and Building Materials 25, no. 8 (August 2011): 3530–3539. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.03.046.
[11] Park, Dong-Yeob, Neeraj Buch, and Karim Chatti. "Effective Layer Temperature Prediction Model and Temperature Correction via Falling Weight Deflectometer Deflections.” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1764, no. 1 (January 2001): 97–111. doi:10.3141/1764-11
[12] Hamid. "Evaluation of Rutting Depth in Flexible Pavements by Using Finite Element Analysis and Local Empirical Model.” American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 5, no. 2 (February 1, 2012): 163–169. doi:10.3844/ajeassp.2012.163.169.
[13] Fang, Hongbing, John E. Haddock, Thomas D. White, and Adam J. Hand. "On the Characterization of Flexible Pavement Rutting Using Creep Model-Based Finite Element Analysis.” Finite Elements in Analysis and Design 41, no. 1 (October 2004): 49–73. doi:10.1016/j.finel.2004.03.002.
[14] Bakhshi, B., and M. Arabani. "Numerical Evaluation of Rutting in Rubberized Asphalt Mixture Using Finite Element Modeling Based on Experimental Viscoelastic Properties.” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 30, no. 6 (June 2018): 04018088. doi:10.1061/(asce) mt.1943-5533.0002116.
[15] Zhu, Tanyong, Tao Ma, Xiaoming Huang, and Siqi Wang. "Evaluating the Rutting Resistance of Asphalt Mixtures Using a Simplified Triaxial Repeated Load Test.” Construction and Building Materials 116 (July 2016): 72–78. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.102
[16] Baghaee Moghaddam, Taher, Mehrtash Soltani, Mohamed Rehan Karim, Shahaboddin Shamshirband, Dalibor Petković, and Hassan Baaj. "Estimation of the Rutting Performance of Polyethylene Terephthalate Modified Asphalt Mixtures by Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Methodology.” Construction and Building Materials 96 (October 2015): 550–555. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.043.
[17] Huang, Y.H., Pavement Analysis and Design. 2nd Edn, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA, (2003):792.
[18] ABAQUS, Finite Element Computer Program. Theory Manual, Version 4.9. Hibbitt, Karlsson and Sorensen, Inc., (1989).
[19] Liang, Robert Y., Samer Rabab'ah, and Mohammad Khasawneh. "Predicting Moisture-Dependent Resilient Modulus of Cohesive Soils Using Soil Suction Concept.” Journal of Transportation Engineering 134, no. 1 (January 2008): 34–40. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-947x (2008)134:1(34).
[20] Ng, C.W.W., C. Zhou, Q. Yuan, and J. Xu. "Resilient Modulus of Unsaturated Subgrade Soil: Experimental and Theoretical Investigations.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal 50, no. 2 (February 2013): 223–232. doi:10.1139/cgj-2012-0052.
[21] Li, Jue, Junhui Zhang, Guoping Qian, Jianlong Zheng, and Yuqing Zhang. "Three-Dimensional Simulation of Aggregate and Asphalt Mixture Using Parameterized Shape and Size Gradation.” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 31, no. 3 (March 2019): 04019004. doi:10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0002623.
[22] Wang, Hao, and Imad L. Al-Qadi. "Importance of Nonlinear Anisotropic Modeling of Granular Base for Predicting Maximum Viscoelastic Pavement Responses under Moving Vehicular Loading.” Journal of Engineering Mechanics 139, no. 1 (January 2013): 29–38. doi:10.1061/(asce)em.1943-7889.0000465.
[23] Duncan, James Michael, Carl L. Monismith, and Edward L. Wilson. "Finite element analysis of pavements." Highway Research Record 228 (1968): 18-33.
[24] Kim, Minkwan, and Erol Tutumluer. "Modeling Nonlinear, Stress-Dependent Pavement Foundation Behavior Using a General-Purpose Finite Element Program.” Pavement Mechanics and Performance (May 11, 2006). doi:10.1061/40866(198)5.
[25] Kim, Minkwan, Erol Tutumluer, and Jayhyun Kwon. "Nonlinear Pavement Foundation Modeling for Three-Dimensional Finite-Element Analysis of Flexible Pavements.” International Journal of Geomechanics 9, no. 5 (October 2009): 195–208. doi:10.1061/(asce)1532-3641(2009)9:5(195).
[26] Behnke, R., I. Wollny, F. Hartung, and M. Kaliske. "Thermo-Mechanical Finite Element Prediction of the Structural Long-Term Response of Asphalt Pavements Subjected to Periodic Traffic Load: Tire-Pavement Interaction and Rutting.” Computers & Structures 218 (July 2019): 9–31. doi:10.1016/j.compstruc.2019.04.003.
[27] Abdullah, Gamil. M.S. "3D Finite Element Modeling to Predict the Foamed Sulfur Asphalt Marl Soil Mixes Rutting Behavior.” Ain Shams Engineering Journal 10, no. 4 (December 2019): 661–668. doi:10.1016/j.asej.2019.03.005.
[28] Alkaissi, Zainab Ahmed. "Effect of High Temperature and Traffic Loading on Rutting Performance of Flexible Pavement.” Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences 32, no. 1 (January 2020): 1–4. doi:10.1016/j.jksues.2018.04.005.
[29] Shanbara, Hayder Kamil, Felicite Ruddock, and William Atherton. "Predicting the Rutting Behaviour of Natural Fibre-Reinforced Cold Mix Asphalt Using the Finite Element Method.” Construction and Building Materials 167 (April 2018): 907–917. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.02.072.
[30] Rahman, Md Mostaqur, Sajib Saha, Amin Sami Amin Hamdi, and Md Jobair Bin Alam. "Development of 3-D Finite Element Models for Geo-Jute Reinforced Flexible Pavement.” Civil Engineering Journal 5, no. 2 (February 26, 2019): 437. doi:10.28991/cej-2019-03091258.
[31] ABAQUS, V. "User's manual and theory manual', Hibbitt, Karlsson and Sorensen." Inc., Providence, RI, USA (2009).
[32] Erlingsson, Sigurdur. "Rutting Development in a Flexible Pavement Structure.” Road Materials and Pavement Design 13, no. 2 (June 2012): 218–234. doi:10.1080/14680629.2012.682383.
[33] Yoder, Eldon Joseph, and Matthew W. Witczak. Principles of pavement design. John Wiley & Sons, (1991).
[34] Huang, Yang Hsien. "Pavement analysis and design." (2004): 401-409.
[2] Dinegdae, Yared H., and Björn Birgisson. "Effects of Truck Traffic on Top-down Fatigue Cracking Performance of Flexible Pavements Using a New Mechanics-Based Analysis Framework.” Road Materials and Pavement Design 19, no. 1 (November 14, 2016): 182–200. doi:10.1080/14680629.2016.1251958.
[3] Wei, Lu, Sascha Kayser, and Frohmut Wellner. "Impact of Surface Temperature on Fatigue Damage in Asphalt Pavement.” Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development (English Edition) 7, no. 3 (September 2013): 1–6. doi:10.1061/jhtrcq.0000324
[4] Kang, Hai-Gui, Yuan-xun ZHENG, Ying-chun CAI, and Yan LIU. "Regression analysis of actual measurement of temperature field distribution rules of asphalt pavement [J]." China Journal of Highway and Transport 20, no. 6 (2007): 13-18.
[5] Zuo, Gang, Eric C. Drumm, and Roger W. Meier. "Environmental Effects on the Predicted Service Life of Flexible Pavements.” Journal of Transportation Engineering 133, no. 1 (January 2007): 47–56. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-947x(2007)133:1(47).
[6] Li, Qiang, Leslie Nii Odartey Mills, Sue McNeil, and Nii Attoh-Okine. Exploring Impact of Climate Change on Pavement Performance and Design. No. 12-2096. 2012.
[7] Qiao, Yaning, Gerardo W. Flintsch, Andrew R. Dawson, and Tony Parry. "Examining Effects of Climatic Factors on Flexible Pavement Performance and Service Life.” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2349, no. 1 (January 2013): 100–107. doi:10.3141/2349-12.
[8] Byram, Daniel, Danny X. Xiao, Kelvin CP Wang, and Kevin D. Hall. Sensitivity analysis of climatic influence on MEPDG flexible pavement performance predictions. No. 12-4043. (2012).
[9] Saha, Jhuma, Somayeh Nassiri, Alireza Bayat, and Hamid Soleymani. "Evaluation of the Effects of Canadian Climate Conditions on the MEPDG Predictions for Flexible Pavement Performance.” International Journal of Pavement Engineering 15, no. 5 (December 17, 2012): 392–401. doi:10.1080/10298436.2012.752488.
[10] Ramos García, J. Antonio, and María Castro. "Analysis of the Temperature Influence on Flexible Pavement Deflection.” Construction and Building Materials 25, no. 8 (August 2011): 3530–3539. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.03.046.
[11] Park, Dong-Yeob, Neeraj Buch, and Karim Chatti. "Effective Layer Temperature Prediction Model and Temperature Correction via Falling Weight Deflectometer Deflections.” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1764, no. 1 (January 2001): 97–111. doi:10.3141/1764-11
[12] Hamid. "Evaluation of Rutting Depth in Flexible Pavements by Using Finite Element Analysis and Local Empirical Model.” American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 5, no. 2 (February 1, 2012): 163–169. doi:10.3844/ajeassp.2012.163.169.
[13] Fang, Hongbing, John E. Haddock, Thomas D. White, and Adam J. Hand. "On the Characterization of Flexible Pavement Rutting Using Creep Model-Based Finite Element Analysis.” Finite Elements in Analysis and Design 41, no. 1 (October 2004): 49–73. doi:10.1016/j.finel.2004.03.002.
[14] Bakhshi, B., and M. Arabani. "Numerical Evaluation of Rutting in Rubberized Asphalt Mixture Using Finite Element Modeling Based on Experimental Viscoelastic Properties.” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 30, no. 6 (June 2018): 04018088. doi:10.1061/(asce) mt.1943-5533.0002116.
[15] Zhu, Tanyong, Tao Ma, Xiaoming Huang, and Siqi Wang. "Evaluating the Rutting Resistance of Asphalt Mixtures Using a Simplified Triaxial Repeated Load Test.” Construction and Building Materials 116 (July 2016): 72–78. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.102
[16] Baghaee Moghaddam, Taher, Mehrtash Soltani, Mohamed Rehan Karim, Shahaboddin Shamshirband, Dalibor Petković, and Hassan Baaj. "Estimation of the Rutting Performance of Polyethylene Terephthalate Modified Asphalt Mixtures by Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Methodology.” Construction and Building Materials 96 (October 2015): 550–555. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.043.
[17] Huang, Y.H., Pavement Analysis and Design. 2nd Edn, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA, (2003):792.
[18] ABAQUS, Finite Element Computer Program. Theory Manual, Version 4.9. Hibbitt, Karlsson and Sorensen, Inc., (1989).
[19] Liang, Robert Y., Samer Rabab'ah, and Mohammad Khasawneh. "Predicting Moisture-Dependent Resilient Modulus of Cohesive Soils Using Soil Suction Concept.” Journal of Transportation Engineering 134, no. 1 (January 2008): 34–40. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-947x (2008)134:1(34).
[20] Ng, C.W.W., C. Zhou, Q. Yuan, and J. Xu. "Resilient Modulus of Unsaturated Subgrade Soil: Experimental and Theoretical Investigations.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal 50, no. 2 (February 2013): 223–232. doi:10.1139/cgj-2012-0052.
[21] Li, Jue, Junhui Zhang, Guoping Qian, Jianlong Zheng, and Yuqing Zhang. "Three-Dimensional Simulation of Aggregate and Asphalt Mixture Using Parameterized Shape and Size Gradation.” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 31, no. 3 (March 2019): 04019004. doi:10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0002623.
[22] Wang, Hao, and Imad L. Al-Qadi. "Importance of Nonlinear Anisotropic Modeling of Granular Base for Predicting Maximum Viscoelastic Pavement Responses under Moving Vehicular Loading.” Journal of Engineering Mechanics 139, no. 1 (January 2013): 29–38. doi:10.1061/(asce)em.1943-7889.0000465.
[23] Duncan, James Michael, Carl L. Monismith, and Edward L. Wilson. "Finite element analysis of pavements." Highway Research Record 228 (1968): 18-33.
[24] Kim, Minkwan, and Erol Tutumluer. "Modeling Nonlinear, Stress-Dependent Pavement Foundation Behavior Using a General-Purpose Finite Element Program.” Pavement Mechanics and Performance (May 11, 2006). doi:10.1061/40866(198)5.
[25] Kim, Minkwan, Erol Tutumluer, and Jayhyun Kwon. "Nonlinear Pavement Foundation Modeling for Three-Dimensional Finite-Element Analysis of Flexible Pavements.” International Journal of Geomechanics 9, no. 5 (October 2009): 195–208. doi:10.1061/(asce)1532-3641(2009)9:5(195).
[26] Behnke, R., I. Wollny, F. Hartung, and M. Kaliske. "Thermo-Mechanical Finite Element Prediction of the Structural Long-Term Response of Asphalt Pavements Subjected to Periodic Traffic Load: Tire-Pavement Interaction and Rutting.” Computers & Structures 218 (July 2019): 9–31. doi:10.1016/j.compstruc.2019.04.003.
[27] Abdullah, Gamil. M.S. "3D Finite Element Modeling to Predict the Foamed Sulfur Asphalt Marl Soil Mixes Rutting Behavior.” Ain Shams Engineering Journal 10, no. 4 (December 2019): 661–668. doi:10.1016/j.asej.2019.03.005.
[28] Alkaissi, Zainab Ahmed. "Effect of High Temperature and Traffic Loading on Rutting Performance of Flexible Pavement.” Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences 32, no. 1 (January 2020): 1–4. doi:10.1016/j.jksues.2018.04.005.
[29] Shanbara, Hayder Kamil, Felicite Ruddock, and William Atherton. "Predicting the Rutting Behaviour of Natural Fibre-Reinforced Cold Mix Asphalt Using the Finite Element Method.” Construction and Building Materials 167 (April 2018): 907–917. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.02.072.
[30] Rahman, Md Mostaqur, Sajib Saha, Amin Sami Amin Hamdi, and Md Jobair Bin Alam. "Development of 3-D Finite Element Models for Geo-Jute Reinforced Flexible Pavement.” Civil Engineering Journal 5, no. 2 (February 26, 2019): 437. doi:10.28991/cej-2019-03091258.
[31] ABAQUS, V. "User's manual and theory manual', Hibbitt, Karlsson and Sorensen." Inc., Providence, RI, USA (2009).
[32] Erlingsson, Sigurdur. "Rutting Development in a Flexible Pavement Structure.” Road Materials and Pavement Design 13, no. 2 (June 2012): 218–234. doi:10.1080/14680629.2012.682383.
[33] Yoder, Eldon Joseph, and Matthew W. Witczak. Principles of pavement design. John Wiley & Sons, (1991).
[34] Huang, Yang Hsien. "Pavement analysis and design." (2004): 401-409.
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