1. Home
  2. Vol 9, No 7 (2023)
  3. Bagherzadeh Azar

Historical Arch Bridges-Deterioration and Restoration Techniques

Amin Bagherzadeh Azar, Ali Sari

Abstract


Historic buildings are the most valuable evidence of cultural heritage. They play an essential role in establishing a tangible link between the past and the present by understanding, interpreting, and tracing the epoch of civilization. Unfortunately, the high costs of restoration, vandalism, and arson take their toll. However, new technologies are having a positive impact on the restoration process and are becoming a suitable alternative to labor-intensive, expensive, and unsafe traditional inspections. Therefore, the role of non-destructive testing (NDT) as a new method is becoming more evident. Faro laser scanning, impact echo, impulse sound testing, and geoelectric tomography as non-destructive methods are leading to the inspection of historic structures to preserve their character. These new methods are representative of the development of non-contact techniques for the examination and documentation of structures. Non-destructive testing examines the internal and external structure of complex building components as well as defective areas, quantifies cracks, and detects near-surface moisture. The objective of this work is to identify new adventurous and traditional methods for the reconstruction of the Turkish arch bridges Dara-1 and Halilviran to determine the appropriate rehabilitation methods and their deterioration of construction materials, damage, and failure patterns. Bridge dimensions were measured using a Faro laser scanner, which allows inspectors to capture and evaluate data from bridges and structural components without permanently altering them. The laser captures bridge dimensions by scanning cross-sections of the structure in the horizontal and vertical planes. The data is exported in the form of point clouds that represent all visible aspects and actual dimensions of the bridge in 2D and 3D models. In comparison between traditional and laser scanning methods, the main advantages of the applied method are the time savings on-site and the creation of a three-dimensional model of the structure, which can be used to collect precise and accurate surface data of objects in a non-destructive manner.

 

Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-07-010

Full Text: PDF


Keywords


Historic Bridges; Methods of Restoration; Arch Bridges; Faro Laser Scanner; Destruction.

References


Erdal, H. I. (2005). Inspection and Maintenance Management at Bridges. Master Thesis, Natural and Applied Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.

Ural, A., Oruc, S. & Dogangun, A. (2007). Restoration and strengthening of historical arch bridges in the eastern black sea region, Structure World Magazine, 132, 48-53.

Yucel, A. and Namli, R. (2007). Investigation of the Effects of Water and Other Factors on Distortion around Bridge Legs, Eastern Anatolia Region Research, Istanbul University Press, Istanbul, Turkey.

Firat, F. K., & Eren, A. (2015). Investigation of Frp Effects on Damaged Arches in Historical Masonry Structures. Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, 30(4), 659–670.

Bayraktar, A., Altunısık, A. C., Türker, T., & Sevim, B. (2007). The effect of finite element model updating on earthquake behaviour of historical bridges. Sixth National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, October, Istanbul, Turkey.

Alaboz, M. (2008). Evaluation of Actual Structural Conditions of Mimar Sinan Bridges in Marmara Region and Kapuagası Bridge Restoration Project. Master Thesis, Natural and Applied Sciences, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey.

Koc, D. (2015). Strengthening Stone Arches in Historical Buildings with FRP. Master Thesis, Natural and Applied Sciences, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey.

Korkmaz, K. A., Zabin, P., Çarhoğlu, A. İ., & Nuhoğlu, A. (2013). Evaluation of Seismic Behaviors of Stone Arch Bridges: The Example of Timisvat Bridge. İleri Teknoloji Bilimleri Dergisi, 2 (1), 66-75. (In Turkish).

Alpaslan, E., Haciefendioglu, K., Birinci, F., & Kurt, M. (2015). Linked to Local Empowerment in Historical Buildings Local Rigidity Effect of Growth Structure Conduct, Turkey Earthquake Yusuf Yanik et al., Historical Stone Arch Bridges’ Damage Causes and Repair Techniques 60 Engineering and Seismology Conference Proceedings.

Colla, C. (1997). Non-Destructive Testing of masonry arch bridges. PhD Thesis, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland.

Flint, R. C., Jackson, P. D., & McCann, D. M. (1999). Geophysical imaging inside masonry structures. NDT and E International, 32(8), 469–479. doi:10.1016/S0963-8695(99)00024-9.

Clark, M. R., McCann, D. M., & Forde, M. C. (2003). Application of infrared thermography to the non-destructive testing of concrete and masonry bridges. NDT and E International, 36(4), 265–275. doi:10.1016/S0963-8695(02)00060-9.

Armesto, J., Roca-Pardiñas, J., Lorenzo, H., & Arias, P. (2010). Modelling masonry arches shape using terrestrial laser scanning data and nonparametric methods. Engineering Structures, 32(2), 607–615. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2009.11.007.

Lindenbergh, R. C. (2010). Engineering applications. Airborne and terrestrial laser scanning. Whittles Publishing, Dunbeath, United Kingdom.

Cowper, A. D. (1927). Special Report No. 9, lime and lime mortars. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, His Majesty’s Stationery Office, London, United Kingdom.

Groot, C. J. W. P., Bartos, P. J., & Hughes, J. J. (2000). Historic mortars: characteristics and tests-Concluding summary and state of the art. International RILEM workshop on Historic mortars: Characteristics and tests. The Publishing Company of RILEM, Cachan Cedex, France.

Moropoulou, A., Bakolas, A., Moundoulas, P., Aggelakopoulou, E., & Anagnostopoulou, S. (2005). Strength development and lime reaction in mortars for repairing historic masonries. Cement and Concrete Composites, 27(2), 289–294. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2004.02.017.

Zampieri, P., Piazzon, R., Ferroni, R., & Pellegrino, C. (2023). The application of external post-tensioning system to a damage masonry arch. Procedia Structural Integrity, 44, 605-609. doi:10.1016/j.prostr.2023.01.079.

Binda, L., Saisi, A., & Tiraboschi, C. (2000). Investigation procedures for the diagnosis of historic masonries. Construction and Building Materials, 14(4), 199–233. doi:10.1016/S0950-0618(00)00018-0.

Hekal, E. E., Kishar, E., & Mostafa, H. (2002). Magnesium sulfate attack on hardened blended cement pastes under different circumstances. Cement and Concrete Research, 32(9), 1421–1427. doi:10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00801-3.

Hartshorn, S. A., Sharp, J. H., & Swamy, R. N. (1999). Thaumasite formation in Portland-limestone cement pastes. Cement and Concrete Research, 29(8), 1331–1340. doi:10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00100-3.

Lanas, J., & Alvarez, J. I. (2003). Masonry repair lime-based mortars: Factors affecting the mechanical behavior. Cement and Concrete Research, 33(11), 1867–1876. doi:10.1016/S0008-8846(03)00210-2.

Esbert, R. M., Montoto, M., & Ordaz, J. (1991). Stone as a construction material: durability, deterioration and conservation. Construction materials, 41(221), 61–73. doi:10.3989/mc.1991.v41.i221.753.

Garmendia, L., San-José, J. T., García, D., & Larrinaga, P. (2011). Rehabilitation of masonry arches with compatible advanced composite material. Construction and Building Materials, 25(12), 4374–4385. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.03.065.

Russo, G., Bergamo, O., Damiani, L., & Lugato, D. (2010). Experimental analysis of the “Saint Andrea” Masonry Bell Tower in Venice. A new method for the determination of “Tower Global Young’s Modulus E.” Engineering Structures, 32(2), 353–360. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2009.08.002.

Herráez, J., Denia, J. L., Navarro, P., Bosch, L., & Bosch, I. (2013). Design and calibration of a drill-guided system by laser for structural strengthening of historic bridge. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 14(3), 248–253. doi:10.1016/j.culher.2012.06.004.

Tsopelas, P., Constantinou, M. C., Okamoto, S., Fujii, S., & Ozaki, D. (1996). Experimental study of bridge seismic sliding isolation systems. Engineering Structures, 18(4), 301–310. doi:10.1016/0141-0296(95)00147-6.

Jara, J. M., López, J. I., Olmos, B. A., & Martínez, G. (2022). Effect of Seismic Source Type on the Expected Behavior of Historic Arch Bridges. International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 16(5), 789–815. doi:10.1080/15583058.2020.1849443.


Full Text: PDF

DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-07-010

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Bookmark and Share


Copyright (c) 2023 AMIN BAGHERZADEH AZAR, ALI SARI

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
x
Message