Effects of Seawater on Setting Time and Compressive Strength of Concretes with Different Richness
Abstract
Water is one of the main constituents of concrete. Although many types of water exist, fresh water is the mostly used in concrete industry. Fresh water is expected to be in a great shortage by 2050 according to UN world water development report. Incorporating seawater in concrete mixture can help in the expected problem of scarcity of fresh water. Also, in many cases seawater may be the only available water especially in coastal regions. Many reports mention various possibilities of using seawater in concrete without detrimental effect on concrete properties. In this study another beneficial effect of seawater over tap water was concluded. Setting tests of cement paste mixed with seawater was determined using Vicat apparatus and compared to tap water. Compressive strength tests at the age of 28 days of Portland cement concretes with varied quantity of cement i.e. 300, 350, 400, 450, and 500 kg, and mixed with seawater was also performed and compared to tap water. The results show that seawater affects standard consistency of cement paste and two percent increase was required in order to attain the same consistency as tap water. It shows also seawater slightly accelerates initial setting of cement but the effect is not so pronounced so as to cause a trouble in concrete and final setting time almost remains unaltered. Compressive strength tests show an increase in concrete strength mixed with seawater for all tested mixtures and depending on quantity of cement. It also shows a beneficial effect of seawater on compressive strength of rich concrete with quantity of cement 450 and 500 kg over tap water.
Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091695
Full Text: PDF
Keywords
References
The United Nations World Water Development Report, “Water and Climate Change, Facts and Figures” (March 27, 2020). doi:10.18356/e2014dcb-en.
H. H. Steinour, "Concrete Mix Water--How Impure Can It Be?," Journal of the Portland Cement Association Research and Development Laboratories 2, no. 3, (1960): 32-50.
Neville, Adam. "Seawater in the mixture." Concrete international 23, no. 1 (2001): 48-51.
D. A. Abrams, “Tests of Impure Waters for Mixing Concrete.” ACI Journal Proceedings 20, no. 2 (1924). doi:10.14359/15506.
Kaushik, S.K., and S. Islam. “Suitability of Sea Water for Mixing Structural Concrete Exposed to a Marine Environment.” Cement and Concrete Composites 17, no. 3 (January 1995): 177–185. doi:10.1016/0958-9465(95)00015-5.
Ghorab, H.Y., M.S. Hilal, and A. Antar. “Effect of Mixing and Curing Waters on the Behaviour of Cement Pastes and Concrete Part 2: Properties of Cement Paste and Concrete.” Cement and Concrete Research 20, no. 1 (January 1990): 69–72. doi:10.1016/0008-8846(90)90117-g.
Younis, Adel, Usama Ebead, Prannoy Suraneni, and Antonio Nanni. “Fresh and Hardened Properties of Seawater-Mixed Concrete.” Construction and Building Materials 190 (November 2018): 276–286. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.09.126.
Otsuki, N., H. Hamada, N. Takeda, K. I. Imamoto, T. Yamaji, T. Habuchi, and T. Nishida. "Technical Committee on the use of sea water in concrete." Technical Committee Reports (2014): 22.
Sikora, Pawel, Krzysztof Cendrowski, Mohamed Abd Elrahman, Sang-Yeop Chung, Ewa Mijowska, and Dietmar Stephan. “The Effects of Seawater on the Hydration, Microstructure and Strength Development of Portland Cement Pastes Incorporating Colloidal Silica.” Applied Nanoscience 10, no. 8 (March 4, 2019): 2627–2638. doi:10.1007/s13204-019-00993-8.
Nobuaki Otsuki, Tsuyoshi Saito, and Yutaka Tadokoro. “Possibility of Sea Water as Mixing Water in Concrete.” Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture 6, no. 11 (November 28, 2012). doi:10.17265/1934-7359/2012.10.002.
Mohammed, Tarek Uddin, Hidenori Hamada, and Toru Yamaji. “Performance of Seawater-Mixed Concrete in the Tidal Environment.” Cement and Concrete Research 34, no. 4 (April 2004): 593–601. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2003.09.020.
BS EN 1008, “Mixing Water for Concrete. Specification for Sampling, Testing and Assessing the Suitability of Water, Including Water Recovered from Processes in the Concrete Industry, as Mixing Water for Concrete” British Standards Institution, UK, (2002). doi:10.3403/02609198u.
ASTM C1602/1602M-12, "Standard Specification for Mixing Water Used in the Production of Hydraulic Cement Concrete," American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, United States, (2012). doi:10.1520/c1602_c1602m.
T. U. Mohammed, N. Otsuki, H. Hamada and T. Yamaji, “Chloride-Induced Corrosion of Steel Bars in Concrete with Presence of Gap at Steel-Concrete Interface.” ACI Materials Journal 99, no. 2 (2002): 149-156. doi:10.14359/11707.
Mohammed, T U, T Fukute, T Yamaji, and H Hamada. “Long Term Durability of Concrete Made with Different Water Reducing Chemical Admixtures under Marine Environment.” Challenges of Concrete Construction: Volume 6, Concrete for Extreme Conditions (January 2002): 233–243. doi:10.1680/cfec.31784.0023.
T. U. Mohammed, H. Hamada and T. Yamaji, “Concrete After 30 Years of Exposure - Part 1: Minearlogy, Microstructure, and Interfaces.” ACI Materials Journal 101, no. 1 (2004): 3-12. doi:10.14359/12982.
T. U. Mohammed, H. Hamada and T. Yamaji, “Concrete After 30 Years of Exposure—Part II: Chloride Ingress and Corrosion of Steel Bars.” ACI Materials Journal 101, no. 1 (2004): 13-18. doi:10.14359/12983.
Uddin, Mohammed Tarek, Hidenori Hamada, Mohammed Abdullah Al Mamun, and Ariful Hasnat. "Corrosion of Cement Paste Coated Steel Bars in Marine Environment." Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies 2013 (2013): e206. doi:10.13140/2.1.1658.1448.
Mohammed, Tarek Uddin, Toru Yamaji, Toshiyuki Aoyama, and Hidenori Hamada. “Marine Durability of 15-Year Old Uncracked and Precracked Concrete Made with Different Cements.” Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu no. 697 (2002): 201–214. doi:10.2208/jscej.2002.697_201.
Nishida, Takahiro, Nobuaki Otsuki, Hiroki Ohara, Zoulkanel Moussa Garba-Say, and Tomohiro Nagata. “Some Considerations for Applicability of Seawater as Mixing Water in Concrete.” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 27, no. 7 (July 2015). doi:10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0001006.
Ehlert, Rick A. "Coral concrete at bikini atoll." Concrete international 13, no. 1 (1991): 19-24.
Ghorab, H.Y., M.S. Hilal, and E.A. Kishar. “Effect of Mixing and Curing Waters on the Behaviour of Cement Pastes and Concrete Part 1 : Microstructure of Cement Pastes.” Cement and Concrete Research 19, no. 6 (November 1989): 868–878. doi:10.1016/0008-8846(89)90099-9.
DOI: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091695
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2021 Ahmed Ibrahim Ghazal, Mohammed Yousry El-Sheikh, Ahmed Abd El-Rahim
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
