Comparative Analysis of Settlement and Pore Water Pressure of Road Embankment on Yan soft soil Treated with PVDs
Vol. 5 No. 7 (2019): July
Research Articles
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The application of prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) in the road embankment construction has been successfully performed in many projects throughout the country. The simulation of finite element method (FEM) can assist engineers in modelling very complex structures and foundations. This paper presents a plane–strain numerical analysis that was performed to verify the effectiveness of the model embankment stabilised with PVD using Plaxis 2D version 8. This study employed the smear effect of permeability ratio (kr) of 3 in the PVD modelling. The data of settlement and pore water pressure in the left and right sides of road embankment were monitored for 177 days, then the data were collected and compared by a numerical simulation. The coefficient of determination (R2) was used to assess the performance of the comparative analysis. The results of numerical simulation on settlement and pore water pressure obtained a coefficient of determination of greater than 0.9 which has reached a good agreement with those of the field measurement. On other the hand, there was no significant difference in the performance between both sides of the embankment. The smear effect parameter (kr = 3) is recommended for PVD designs and can provide accurate FEM prediction.
Mamat, R. C., Kasa, A., & Mohd Razali, S. F. (2019). Comparative Analysis of Settlement and Pore Water Pressure of Road Embankment on Yan soft soil Treated with PVDs. Civil Engineering Journal, 5(7), 1609–1618. https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2019-03091357
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[1] R. Che Mamat, Engineering properties of Batu Pahat soft clay stabilized with lime, cement and bentonite for subgrade in road construction, MS Thesis, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussien Onn Malaysia, 2013.
[2] Bunawan, Aliff Ridzuan, Ehsan Momeni, Danial Jahed Armaghani, Khairun Nissa binti Mat Said, and Ahmad Safuan A. Rashid. "Experimental and Intelligent Techniques to Estimate Bearing Capacity of Cohesive Soft Soils Reinforced with Soil-Cement Columns.” Measurement 124 (August 2018): 529–538. doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2018.04.057.
[3] Yildiz, Abdulazim. "Numerical Analyses of Embankments on PVD Improved Soft Clays.” Advances in Engineering Software 40, no. 10 (October 2009): 1047–1055. doi:10.1016/j.advengsoft.2009.03.011.
[4] Adnan Hasan, Hanan. "Prediction the Behavior of Piles in Clayey Soils.” International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.20 (November 28, 2018): 157. doi:10.14419/ijet.v7i4.20.25918.
[5] Indraratna, Buddhima, I. Sathananthan, C. Bamunawita, and A.S. Balasubramaniam. "Theoretical and Numerical Perspectives and Field Observations for the Design and Performance Evaluation of Embankments Constructed on Soft Marine Clay.” Ground Improvement Case Histories (2015): 83–122. doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-100192-9.00003-x.
[6] Rowe, R. Kerry, and C. Taechakumthorn. "Combined Effect of PVDs and Reinforcement on Embankments over Rate-Sensitive Soils.” Geotextiles and Geomembranes 26, no. 3 (June 2008): 239–249. doi:10.1016/j.geotexmem.2007.10.001.
[7] Chai, Jin-Chun, Jack Shui-Long Shen, Martin D. Liu, and Da-Jun Yuan. "Predicting the Performance of Embankments on PVD-Improved Subsoils.” Computers and Geotechnics 93 (January 2018): 222–231. doi:10.1016/j.compgeo.2017.05.018.
[8] Hird, C. C., and V. J. Moseley. "Model Study of Seepage in Smear Zones Around Vertical Drains in Layered Soil.” Géotechnique 50, no. 1 (February 2000): 89–97. doi:10.1680/geot.2000.50.1.89.
[9] Saowapakpiboon, J., D.T. Bergado, P. Voottipruex, L.G. Lam, and K. Nakakuma. "PVD Improvement Combined with Surcharge and Vacuum Preloading Including Simulations.” Geotextiles and Geomembranes 29, no. 1 (February 2011): 74–82. doi:10.1016/j.geotexmem.2010.06.008.
[10] Jang, W. Y. "Behaviors of Embankment on PVD-Improved Haiphong Clay.” Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering 55, no. 2 (May 2018): 120–126. doi:10.1007/s11204-018-9513-5.
[11] Hird, C.C., I.C. Pyrah, D. Russell, and F. Cinicioglu. "Modelling the Effect of Vertical Drains in Two-Dimensional Finite Element Analyses of Embankments on Soft Ground.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal 32, no. 5 (October 1995): 795–807. doi:10.1139/t95-077.
[12] W. Kjellman, Accelerating consolidation of fine grained soils by means of cardboard wicks, in: 2nd Int. Conf. Soil Mech. Found. Eng., Rotterdam, 1948: pp. 302–305.
[13] Yan, S. W., and J. Chu. "Soil Improvement for a Road Using the Vacuum Preloading Method.” Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Ground Improvement 7, no. 4 (October 2003): 165–172. doi:10.1680/grim.2003.7.4.165.
[14] Tang, M., and J. Q. Shang. "Vacuum Preloading Consolidation of Yaoqiang Airport Runway.” Ground and Soil Improvement (January 2004): 9–19. doi:10.1680/gasi.31708.0002.
[15] Stark, Timothy D., Perry J. Ricciardi, and Ryan D. Sisk. "Case Study: Vertical Drain and Stability Analyses for a Compacted Embankment on Soft Soils.” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 144, no. 2 (February 2018): 05017007. doi:10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0001786.
[16] Chai, Jinchun, Norihiko Miura, Saiichi Sakajo, and Dennes Bergado. "Behavior of Vertical Drain Improved Subsoil Under Embankment Loading.” Soils and Foundations 35, no. 4 (1995): 49–61. doi:10.3208/sandf.35.4_49.
[17] Rujikiatkamjorn, Cholachat, and Buddhima Indraratna. "Environmental Sustainability of Soft Soil Improvement via Vacuum and Surcharge Preloading.” Geo-Congress 2014 Technical Papers (February 24, 2014): 3658–3665. doi:10.1061/9780784413272.354.
[18] R.A. Barron, Consolidation of fine-grained soils by drain wells, Trans. ASCE. 113 (1948) 718–724.
[19] Chai, Jun-Chun, and Norihiko Miura. "Investigation of factors affecting vertical drain behavior." Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 125, no. 3 (1999): 216-226. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1999)125:3(216).
[20] Sharma, J S, and D Xiao. "Characterization of a Smear Zone Around Vertical Drains by Large-Scale Laboratory Tests.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal 37, no. 6 (December 2000): 1265–1271. doi:10.1139/t00-050.
[21] Tanchaisawat, T, D Bergado, and P Voottipruex. "Numerical Simulation and Sensitivity Analyses of Full-Scale Test Embankment with Reinforced Lightweight Geomaterials on Soft Bangkok Clay.” Geotextiles and Geomembranes 26, no. 6 (December 2008): 498–511. doi:10.1016/j.geotexmem.2008.05.005.
[22] Hansbo, Sven. "Consolidation of clay by bandshaped prefabricated drains." Ground Engineering 12, no. 5 (1979).
[23] Hansbo, S. "Aspects of Vertical Drain Design: Darcian or Non-Darcian Flow.” Géotechnique 47, no. 5 (October 1997): 983–992. doi:10.1680/geot.1997.47.5.983.
[24] Hansbo, S. "Consolidation of fine-grained soils by prefabricated drains." In Proceedings of the 10th international conference on soil mechanics and foundation engineering, Stockholm, vol. 3, pp. 677-682. AA Balkema Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 1981.
[25] J.J. Rixner, S.R. Kraemer, A.D. Smith, Prefabricated vertical drains, Washington, DC, US., 1986.
[26] Onoue, Atsuo, Nai-Hsin Ting, John T. Germaine, and Robert V. Whitman. "Permeability of disturbed zone around vertical drains." In Geotechnical Engineering Congress”1991, pp. 879-890. ASCE, 1991.
[27] Almeida, M. S. S., and C. A. M. Ferreira. "Field, in situ and laboratory consolidation parameters of a very." In Predictive Soil Mechanics: Proceedings of the Wroth Memorial Symposium Held at St. Catherine's College, Oxford, 27-29 July 1992, p. 73. Thomas Telford, 1993.
[28] Hird, C. C., I. C. Pyrah, and D. Russel. "Finite Element Modelling of Vertical Drains Beneath Embankments on Soft Ground.” Géotechnique 42, no. 3 (September 1992): 499–511. doi:10.1680/geot.1992.42.3.499.
[29] Indraratna, Buddhima, and I. W. Redana. "Plane-strain modeling of smear effects associated with vertical drains." Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 123, no. 5 (1997): 474-478. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1997)123:5(474).
[30] C. Rujikiatkamjorn, B. Indraratna, M.D. Wirya Ardana, Smear zone characterization associated with vertical drain installation, in: Southeast Asia Conf. Soft Soils Eng. Gr. Improv. Soft Soils, Southeast Asian Geotechnical Society, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia, 2014: pp. F1-1-F1-8.
[31] D.T. Bergado, H. Asakami, M.C. Alfaro, A.S. Balasubramaniam, Smear effects of vertical drains on soft Bangkok clay, J. Geotech. Eng. 117 (1991) 1509–1530. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1991)117:10(1509).
[32] Nguyen, Thanh Trung, Buddhima Indraratna, and Cholachat Rujikiatkamjorn. "A Numerical Approach to Modelling Biodegradable Vertical Drains.” Environmental Geotechnics (August 10, 2018): 1–9. doi:10.1680/jenge.18.00015.
[33] N.C. Samtani, E.A. Nowatzki, Soils and Foundations - FHWA-NHI–06-088, Washington, D.C., 2006.
[34] Indraratna, Buddhima, Chamari Bamunawita, and Hadi Khabbaz. "Numerical Modeling of Vacuum Preloading and Field Applications.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal 41, no. 6 (December 2004): 1098–1110. doi:10.1139/t04-054.
[35] G. Grimstad, M.A. Haji Ashrafi, S.A. Degago, A. Emdal, S. Nordal, Discussion of ‘Soil creep effects on ground lateral deformation and pore water pressure under embankments,' Geomech. Geoengin. 11 (2016) 86–93. doi:10.1080/17486025.2014.985338.
[36] Arulrajah, A., H. Nikraz, and M. W. Bo. "Finite Element Modelling of Marine Clay Deformation Under Reclamation Fills.” Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Ground Improvement 9, no. 3 (July 2005): 105–118. doi:10.1680/grim.2005.9.3.105.
[37] Huan, Teh Zhi, Rini Asnida Abdullah, Mohd For Mohd Amin, Mohd Azril Hezmi, Ahmad Safuan A Rashid, and Mohd Nur Asmawisham Alel. "Performance Prediction of Prefabricated Vertical Drain in Soft Soil Using Finite Element Method.” Jurnal Teknologi 76, no. 2 (September 8, 2015). doi:10.11113/jt.v76.5435.
[2] Bunawan, Aliff Ridzuan, Ehsan Momeni, Danial Jahed Armaghani, Khairun Nissa binti Mat Said, and Ahmad Safuan A. Rashid. "Experimental and Intelligent Techniques to Estimate Bearing Capacity of Cohesive Soft Soils Reinforced with Soil-Cement Columns.” Measurement 124 (August 2018): 529–538. doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2018.04.057.
[3] Yildiz, Abdulazim. "Numerical Analyses of Embankments on PVD Improved Soft Clays.” Advances in Engineering Software 40, no. 10 (October 2009): 1047–1055. doi:10.1016/j.advengsoft.2009.03.011.
[4] Adnan Hasan, Hanan. "Prediction the Behavior of Piles in Clayey Soils.” International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.20 (November 28, 2018): 157. doi:10.14419/ijet.v7i4.20.25918.
[5] Indraratna, Buddhima, I. Sathananthan, C. Bamunawita, and A.S. Balasubramaniam. "Theoretical and Numerical Perspectives and Field Observations for the Design and Performance Evaluation of Embankments Constructed on Soft Marine Clay.” Ground Improvement Case Histories (2015): 83–122. doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-100192-9.00003-x.
[6] Rowe, R. Kerry, and C. Taechakumthorn. "Combined Effect of PVDs and Reinforcement on Embankments over Rate-Sensitive Soils.” Geotextiles and Geomembranes 26, no. 3 (June 2008): 239–249. doi:10.1016/j.geotexmem.2007.10.001.
[7] Chai, Jin-Chun, Jack Shui-Long Shen, Martin D. Liu, and Da-Jun Yuan. "Predicting the Performance of Embankments on PVD-Improved Subsoils.” Computers and Geotechnics 93 (January 2018): 222–231. doi:10.1016/j.compgeo.2017.05.018.
[8] Hird, C. C., and V. J. Moseley. "Model Study of Seepage in Smear Zones Around Vertical Drains in Layered Soil.” Géotechnique 50, no. 1 (February 2000): 89–97. doi:10.1680/geot.2000.50.1.89.
[9] Saowapakpiboon, J., D.T. Bergado, P. Voottipruex, L.G. Lam, and K. Nakakuma. "PVD Improvement Combined with Surcharge and Vacuum Preloading Including Simulations.” Geotextiles and Geomembranes 29, no. 1 (February 2011): 74–82. doi:10.1016/j.geotexmem.2010.06.008.
[10] Jang, W. Y. "Behaviors of Embankment on PVD-Improved Haiphong Clay.” Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering 55, no. 2 (May 2018): 120–126. doi:10.1007/s11204-018-9513-5.
[11] Hird, C.C., I.C. Pyrah, D. Russell, and F. Cinicioglu. "Modelling the Effect of Vertical Drains in Two-Dimensional Finite Element Analyses of Embankments on Soft Ground.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal 32, no. 5 (October 1995): 795–807. doi:10.1139/t95-077.
[12] W. Kjellman, Accelerating consolidation of fine grained soils by means of cardboard wicks, in: 2nd Int. Conf. Soil Mech. Found. Eng., Rotterdam, 1948: pp. 302–305.
[13] Yan, S. W., and J. Chu. "Soil Improvement for a Road Using the Vacuum Preloading Method.” Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Ground Improvement 7, no. 4 (October 2003): 165–172. doi:10.1680/grim.2003.7.4.165.
[14] Tang, M., and J. Q. Shang. "Vacuum Preloading Consolidation of Yaoqiang Airport Runway.” Ground and Soil Improvement (January 2004): 9–19. doi:10.1680/gasi.31708.0002.
[15] Stark, Timothy D., Perry J. Ricciardi, and Ryan D. Sisk. "Case Study: Vertical Drain and Stability Analyses for a Compacted Embankment on Soft Soils.” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 144, no. 2 (February 2018): 05017007. doi:10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0001786.
[16] Chai, Jinchun, Norihiko Miura, Saiichi Sakajo, and Dennes Bergado. "Behavior of Vertical Drain Improved Subsoil Under Embankment Loading.” Soils and Foundations 35, no. 4 (1995): 49–61. doi:10.3208/sandf.35.4_49.
[17] Rujikiatkamjorn, Cholachat, and Buddhima Indraratna. "Environmental Sustainability of Soft Soil Improvement via Vacuum and Surcharge Preloading.” Geo-Congress 2014 Technical Papers (February 24, 2014): 3658–3665. doi:10.1061/9780784413272.354.
[18] R.A. Barron, Consolidation of fine-grained soils by drain wells, Trans. ASCE. 113 (1948) 718–724.
[19] Chai, Jun-Chun, and Norihiko Miura. "Investigation of factors affecting vertical drain behavior." Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 125, no. 3 (1999): 216-226. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1999)125:3(216).
[20] Sharma, J S, and D Xiao. "Characterization of a Smear Zone Around Vertical Drains by Large-Scale Laboratory Tests.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal 37, no. 6 (December 2000): 1265–1271. doi:10.1139/t00-050.
[21] Tanchaisawat, T, D Bergado, and P Voottipruex. "Numerical Simulation and Sensitivity Analyses of Full-Scale Test Embankment with Reinforced Lightweight Geomaterials on Soft Bangkok Clay.” Geotextiles and Geomembranes 26, no. 6 (December 2008): 498–511. doi:10.1016/j.geotexmem.2008.05.005.
[22] Hansbo, Sven. "Consolidation of clay by bandshaped prefabricated drains." Ground Engineering 12, no. 5 (1979).
[23] Hansbo, S. "Aspects of Vertical Drain Design: Darcian or Non-Darcian Flow.” Géotechnique 47, no. 5 (October 1997): 983–992. doi:10.1680/geot.1997.47.5.983.
[24] Hansbo, S. "Consolidation of fine-grained soils by prefabricated drains." In Proceedings of the 10th international conference on soil mechanics and foundation engineering, Stockholm, vol. 3, pp. 677-682. AA Balkema Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 1981.
[25] J.J. Rixner, S.R. Kraemer, A.D. Smith, Prefabricated vertical drains, Washington, DC, US., 1986.
[26] Onoue, Atsuo, Nai-Hsin Ting, John T. Germaine, and Robert V. Whitman. "Permeability of disturbed zone around vertical drains." In Geotechnical Engineering Congress”1991, pp. 879-890. ASCE, 1991.
[27] Almeida, M. S. S., and C. A. M. Ferreira. "Field, in situ and laboratory consolidation parameters of a very." In Predictive Soil Mechanics: Proceedings of the Wroth Memorial Symposium Held at St. Catherine's College, Oxford, 27-29 July 1992, p. 73. Thomas Telford, 1993.
[28] Hird, C. C., I. C. Pyrah, and D. Russel. "Finite Element Modelling of Vertical Drains Beneath Embankments on Soft Ground.” Géotechnique 42, no. 3 (September 1992): 499–511. doi:10.1680/geot.1992.42.3.499.
[29] Indraratna, Buddhima, and I. W. Redana. "Plane-strain modeling of smear effects associated with vertical drains." Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 123, no. 5 (1997): 474-478. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1997)123:5(474).
[30] C. Rujikiatkamjorn, B. Indraratna, M.D. Wirya Ardana, Smear zone characterization associated with vertical drain installation, in: Southeast Asia Conf. Soft Soils Eng. Gr. Improv. Soft Soils, Southeast Asian Geotechnical Society, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia, 2014: pp. F1-1-F1-8.
[31] D.T. Bergado, H. Asakami, M.C. Alfaro, A.S. Balasubramaniam, Smear effects of vertical drains on soft Bangkok clay, J. Geotech. Eng. 117 (1991) 1509–1530. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1991)117:10(1509).
[32] Nguyen, Thanh Trung, Buddhima Indraratna, and Cholachat Rujikiatkamjorn. "A Numerical Approach to Modelling Biodegradable Vertical Drains.” Environmental Geotechnics (August 10, 2018): 1–9. doi:10.1680/jenge.18.00015.
[33] N.C. Samtani, E.A. Nowatzki, Soils and Foundations - FHWA-NHI–06-088, Washington, D.C., 2006.
[34] Indraratna, Buddhima, Chamari Bamunawita, and Hadi Khabbaz. "Numerical Modeling of Vacuum Preloading and Field Applications.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal 41, no. 6 (December 2004): 1098–1110. doi:10.1139/t04-054.
[35] G. Grimstad, M.A. Haji Ashrafi, S.A. Degago, A. Emdal, S. Nordal, Discussion of ‘Soil creep effects on ground lateral deformation and pore water pressure under embankments,' Geomech. Geoengin. 11 (2016) 86–93. doi:10.1080/17486025.2014.985338.
[36] Arulrajah, A., H. Nikraz, and M. W. Bo. "Finite Element Modelling of Marine Clay Deformation Under Reclamation Fills.” Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Ground Improvement 9, no. 3 (July 2005): 105–118. doi:10.1680/grim.2005.9.3.105.
[37] Huan, Teh Zhi, Rini Asnida Abdullah, Mohd For Mohd Amin, Mohd Azril Hezmi, Ahmad Safuan A Rashid, and Mohd Nur Asmawisham Alel. "Performance Prediction of Prefabricated Vertical Drain in Soft Soil Using Finite Element Method.” Jurnal Teknologi 76, no. 2 (September 8, 2015). doi:10.11113/jt.v76.5435.
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