Effects of Near-fault Strong Ground Motions on Probabilistic Structural Seismic-induced Damages
Abstract
Seismic fragility curves measure induced levels of structural damage against strong ground motions of earthquakes, probabilistically. These curves play an important role in seismic performance assessment, seismic risk analysis and making rational decisions regarding seismic risk management of structures. It has been demonstrated that the calculated fragility curves of structures are changed while the structures are excited by near-field strong ground motions in comparison with far-field ones. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the extents of modification for various performance levels and variety of structural heights. To achieve this goal, Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) method is applied to calculate seismic fragility curves. To investigate the effects of earthquake characteristics, two categories of strong ground motions are assumed through IDA method, i.e. near and far-field sets. To study the extent of modification for various heights of structures, 4 – 6 and 10 stories moment-resisting concrete frames are considered as case studies. Furthermore, to study the importance of involving near-field strong ground motions in seismic performance assessment of structures, the damage levels are considered as the renowned structural performance levels (i.e. Immediate Occupancy, Life Safety, Collapse Prevention and Sidesway Collapse). Achieved results show that the fragility curve of low-rise frame (i.e. 4-story case study) for IO limit state presents more probability of damage applying near-fault sets in comparison with far-fault set. Investigating fragility curves of the other performance levels (i.e. LS, CP and Collapse) and the higher frames, a straightforward conclusion, regarding probability of damage. To achieve the rational results for the higher frames, mean annual frequency of exceedance (MAFE) and probability of exceeding limit states in 50 years are calculated. MAFE is defined as the integration of structural fragility curve over seismic hazard curve. According to the achieved results for 6-story frame, if the structure is excited by near-field strong ground motions the probability of exceedance for LS, CP and collapse limit states in 50 years will be increased up to 11%, 2.4%, 0.7% and 0.4% respectively, comparing with the calculated probabilities while far-field strong ground motions are applied. On the other hand, while the 10-story case study is excited by near-field strong ground motions, the exceedance probability values for mentioned limit states decreases up to 20%, 5%, 4% and 4%, respectively. Consequently, it can be concluded that the lower is the height of the structure, the more will be the increment of probability of damage in the near-field conditions. Furthermore, this increment is much more for IO limit state in comparison with other limit states. These facts can be applied as a precaution for seismic design of low-rise structures, while they are located at the vicinity of active faults.
Keywords
References
Applied Technology Council, and United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency. Quantification of building seismic performance factors. US Department of Homeland Security, FEMA, 2009.
Kappos, Andreas. “Dynamic Loading and Design of Structures” (April 21, 2014). doi:10.1201/9781482272000.
Kwon, Oh-Sung, and Amr Elnashai. “The Effect of Material and Ground Motion Uncertainty on the Seismic Vulnerability Curves of RC Structure.” Engineering Structures 28, no. 2 (January 2006): 289–303. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2005.07.010.
Shinozuka, Masanobu, M. Q. Feng, Jongheon Lee, and Toshihiko Naganuma. “Statistical Analysis of Fragility Curves.” Journal of Engineering Mechanics 126, no. 12 (December 2000): 1224–1231. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9399(2000)126:12(1224).
Celik, Ozan Cem, and Bruce R. Ellingwood. “Seismic Fragilities for Non-Ductile Reinforced Concrete Frames – Role of Aleatoric and Epistemic Uncertainties.” Structural Safety 32, no. 1 (January 2010): 1–12. doi:10.1016/j.strusafe.2009.04.003.
Calvi, G. Michele, Rui Pinho, Guido Magenes, Julian J. Bommer, L. Fernando Restrepo-Vélez, and Helen Crowley. "Development of seismic vulnerability assessment methodologies over the past 30 years." ISET journal of Earthquake Technology 43, no. 3 (2006): 75-104.
Rossetto, T., and A. Elnashai. “Derivation of Vulnerability Functions for European-Type RC Structures Based on Observational Data.” Engineering Structures 25, no. 10 (August 2003): 1241–1263. doi:10.1016/s0141-0296(03)00060-9.
Baltzopoulos, Georgios, Roberto Baraschino, Iunio Iervolino, and Dimitrios Vamvatsikos. “SPO2FRAG: Software for Seismic Fragility Assessment Based on Static Pushover.” Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 15, no. 10 (May 8, 2017): 4399–4425. doi:10.1007/s10518-017-0145-3.
Vamvatsikos, Dimitrios, and C. Allin Cornell. “Incremental Dynamic Analysis.” Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 31, no. 3 (2002): 491–514. doi:10.1002/eqe.141.
Mavroeidis, George P., and Apostolos S. Papageorgiou. "Near-source strong ground motion: characteristics and design issues." In Proc. of the Seventh US National Conf. on Earthquake Engineering (7NCEE), Boston, Massachusetts, vol. 21, no. 2, p. 25. 2002.
Somerville, P. G., N. F. Smith, R. W. Graves, and N. A. Abrahamson. “Modification of Empirical Strong Ground Motion Attenuation Relations to Include the Amplitude and Duration Effects of Rupture Directivity.” Seismological Research Letters 68, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 199–222. doi:10.1785/gssrl.68.1.199.
Baker, J. W. “Quantitative Classification of Near-Fault Ground Motions Using Wavelet Analysis.” Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 97, no. 5 (October 1, 2007): 1486–1501. doi:10.1785/0120060255.
Alavi, Babak, and Helmut Krawinkler. "Consideration of near-fault ground motion effects in seismic design." In Proceedings of the 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, p. 8. 2000.
Anderson, J. C., V. V. Bertero, and R. D. Bertero. "Performance improvement of long period building structures subjected to severe pulse-type ground motions, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center." University of California, Berkeley. Report no. PEEER-1999/09 (1999).
Kalkan, Erol, and Sashi K. Kunnath. “Effects of Fling Step and Forward Directivity on Seismic Response of Buildings.” Earthquake Spectra 22, no. 2 (May 2006): 367–390. doi:10.1193/1.2192560.
Billah, A. H. M. Muntasir, M. Shahria Alam, and M. A. Rahman Bhuiyan. “Fragility Analysis of Retrofitted Multicolumn Bridge Bent Subjected to Near-Fault and Far-Field Ground Motion.” Journal of Bridge Engineering 18, no. 10 (October 2013): 992–1004. doi:10.1061/(asce)be.1943-5592.0000452.
Zhang, Sherong, and Gaohui Wang. “Effects of Near-Fault and Far-Fault Ground Motions on Nonlinear Dynamic Response and Seismic Damage of Concrete Gravity Dams.” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 53 (October 2013): 217–229. doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2013.07.014.
Council, Building Seismic Safety. "Prestandard and commentary for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings." Report FEMA-356, Washington, DC (2000).
Baltzopoulos, Georgios, Eugenio Chioccarelli, and Iunio Iervolino. “The Displacement Coefficient Method in Near-Source Conditions.” Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 44, no. 7 (October 20, 2014): 1015–1033. doi:10.1002/eqe.2497.
Park, Y. J., A. H‐S. Ang, and Y. K. Wen. “Damage‐Limiting Aseismic Design of Buildings.” Earthquake Spectra 3, no. 1 (February 1987): 1–26. doi:10.1193/1.1585416.
Rofooei, Fayaz R., and Reza Imani. “Evaluating the Damage in Steel MRF Under Near Field Earthquakes from a Performance Based Design Viewpoint.” Procedia Engineering 14 (2011): 3111–3118. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2011.07.391.
Champion, Casey, and Abbie Liel. “The Effect of Near-Fault Directivity on Building Seismic Collapse Risk.” Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 41, no. 10 (January 12, 2012): 1391–1409. doi:10.1002/eqe.1188.
Tzimas, A. S., G. S. Kamaris, T. L. Karavasilis, and C. Galasso. “Collapse Risk and Residual Drift Performance of Steel Buildings Using Post-Tensioned MRFs and Viscous Dampers in Near-Fault Regions.” Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 14, no. 6 (March 18, 2016): 1643–1662. doi:10.1007/s10518-016-9898-3.
Baltzopoulos, Georgios, Dimitrios Vamvatsikos, and Iunio Iervolino. “Analytical Modelling of Near-Source Pulse-Like Seismic Demand for Multi-Linear Backbone Oscillators.” Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 45, no. 11 (April 4, 2016): 1797–1815. doi:10.1002/eqe.2729.
Güneş, Necmettin, and Zülfü Çınar Ulucan. “Nonlinear Dynamic Response of a Tall Building to Near-Fault Pulse-Like Ground Motions.” Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering (February 4, 2019). doi:10.1007/s10518-019-00570-y.
Akkar, Sinan, Saed Moghimi, and Yalın Arıcı. “A Study on Major Seismological and Fault-Site Parameters Affecting Near-Fault Directivity Ground-Motion Demands for Strike-Slip Faulting for Their Possible Inclusion in Seismic Design Codes.” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 104 (January 2018): 88–105. doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2017.09.023.
Lu, Yang, Iman Hajirasouliha, and Alec M. Marshall. “Direct Displacement-Based Seismic Design of Flexible-Base Structures Subjected to Pulse-Like Ground Motions.” Engineering Structures 168 (August 2018): 276–289. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.04.079.
McKenna, Frank, Gregory L. Fenves, and Michael H. Scott. "Open system for earthquake engineering simulation." University of California, Berkeley, CA (2000).
Ibarra, Luis F., Ricardo A. Medina, and Helmut Krawinkler. “Hysteretic Models That Incorporate Strength and Stiffness Deterioration.” Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 34, no. 12 (2005): 1489–1511. doi:10.1002/eqe.495.
Haselton, Curt B., and Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center. Beam-column element model calibrated for predicting flexural response leading to global collapse of RC frame buildings. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, 2008.
Somerville, Paul G. Development of ground motion time histories for phase 2 of the FEMA/SAC steel project. SAC Joint Venture, 1997.
Krawinkler, H., R. Medina, and B. Alavi. “Seismic Drift and Ductility Demands and Their Dependence on Ground Motions.” Engineering Structures 25, no. 5 (April 2003): 637–653. doi:10.1016/s0141-0296(02)00174-8.
Kohrangi, Mohsen, Dimitrios Vamvatsikos, and Paolo Bazzurro. “Pulse-Like Versus Non-Pulse-Like Ground Motion Records: Spectral Shape Comparisons and Record Selection Strategies.” Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 48, no. 1 (September 26, 2018): 46–64. doi:10.1002/eqe.3122.
DOI: 10.28991/cej-2019-03091289
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2019 Farzad Mirzaie Aminian, Ehsan Khojastehfar, Hadi Ziaadini, Hamid Ghanbari
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.