Socio-Economic Impact Assessment of Small Dams Based on T-Paired Sample Test Using SPSS Software
Abstract
A dam is a barrier/structure that impounds water and retains it for later use. Thus, it plays an important role and offers a reserve stock of water for rural communities in remote areas. The present study was conducted to assess the socio-economic impact of small dams on local communities. The impact was analyzed based on descriptive statistics and t- paired sample tests using SPSS software to study and analyze the Nagarparkar area, Sindh, Pakistan. Primary and secondary data were used for collecting the data. The data was collected randomly from 250 people through interviews and group discussions Also, 104 sets of data were obtained through a questionnaire survey. The overall results summary of the parameters revealed that a significantly positive variation occurred in the study area after construction of the dam. The number of the packa houses and water depth were increased. The distance to collect water and water-fetching time were decreased 6% and 5.61 % respectively. The overall average area cultivated with crops was increased by 26.55%. The average yield of almost every crop in both Rabi and Kharif seasons were increased by 55% in the areas surrounding the dams. The overall number of livestock was increased by 18.08%, while the number of horses decreased by 1.5% after construction of the dam. The income, expenditure, and savings have increased significantly to 36.16%, 17.68%, and 32.15%, respectively, while the migration rate has decreased19.09% since construction of the dam. The choice of crops has also changed from inferior crops to superior and market-oriented crops. The water table and quality have improved, and wells have been recharged.
Keywords
References
Khoso S., Wagan F.H., Tunio A.H., Ansari A.A. An overview on emerging water scarcity in Pakistan, its causes, impacts and remedial measures. IIP, Paper number: 13 (1), 311, 35, 2015. doi: 10.5937/jaes13-6445
Riaz Haq R. Pakistan water crisis: Facts and Myths, 2018.
Population Action International, 1993 in Kahlown M.A., Abdul M. Water-Resources Situation in Pakistan: Challenges and Future Strategies, Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources. No 3.
Sarfaraz.S., Arsalan M.H., and Fatima.H. Regionalizing the climate of Pakistan using köppen classification system. Pakistan Geographical Review, 69 (2), pp. 111, 2014.
Salma S., S. Rehman, M.A. Shah. Rainfall trends in different climate zones of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Meteorology. 9 (17), 37, 2012.
Maia, R. E. de F., Guerra, G. A. D., & Calvi, M. F. Dilemas do processo de desterritorialização de famílias atingidas por grandes projetos na Volta Grande do Xingu, Pará, Brasil. Revista NERA, 20(37), 195, (2017).
Moran, E. F. Roads and dams: Infrastructure-driven transformations in the Brazilian Amazon. Ambiente & Sociedade. 19 (2), 207, 2016. doi: 10. 1590/1809-4422ASOC256V1922016.
Feng, Y., Lu, D., Moran, E. F., Dutra, L. V., Calvi, M. F., & Oliveira, M. A. F. Examining spatial distribution and dynamic change of urban land covers in the Brazilian Amazon using multitemporal multisensor high spatial resolution satellite imagery. Remote Sensing, 9(4), 381, 2017.
Jianga X, Lua D, Morand E, Calvie M.F, Dutraf L.V, Lib G, .Examining impacts of the Belo Monte hydroelectric dam construction on land-cover changes using multitemporal Landsat imagery .Applied Geography. 97, 35, 2018. doi: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2018.05.019.
Habets F., Molénatb J., Carluerc N., Douezd O., Delphine Leenhardte D., The cumulative impacts of small reservoirs on hydrology: A review. Science of the Total Environment. 643, 850, (2018). doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.188.
Ernest Nti Acheampong, Nicholas ozor, Ephraim Setyi-Annan. Development of small dam and their impact on the lively hood. African general of agricultural research. Fifteenth International Water Technology Conference, IWTC-15 2011, Alexandria, Egypt. 9, (24), 1867, 2014. doi:10.5897/AJAR2014.8610.
Anna Cristina Souza Da Silva, Alain Marie Passerat De Silans, Gerald Souza Silva, Flavia Augusta Das Santos, Ranato De Quriroz Porto and Cristanio Almeida Neves). Small Farm dams research project in semi- arid northeastern rejoin of Brazil. Risk in water Resources Management (proceeding of Symposium Ho3 held during IUGG2011 in Melbourne, Australia, July 2011) (IAHS Publ. 347, 2011).
Rama Mehta, Sharad K. Jain, D.S. Rathore, Kumar Garvit. Hydrological impact of dams. IJWREM. 3(1), 75, 2012.
Tahmicooglu M.S., Anul N., Ekmekci F., and Durmus N. Positive and negative impacts of dams on the environment. International Congress on River Basin Management, Turkey. 759, 2007.
World Commission on Dams (WCD). Pak Mun Dam Case Study, TDRI Report for The world Commission on Dams, USA, 2000.
World Commission on Dams (WCD). Dams and Development: A New Framework for Decision-making, London and Sterling, Earthscan Publications Ltd. 2000.
Malekhoseini A., and Mirakzedeh A.A. Assessment of social impacts of Sonqure's Soleimanshah dam on the regions that are under influence of irrigation and drainage network of dam. Journal of Rural Research. 5 (3), 589, 2014.
Scudder T. The Future of Large Dams, London, Earthscan press. Shayan, H., Javan, J. and Kadivar, A. (2010), Analyzing the Social, economic and environmental consequences of Kerdeh Dam in Mashhad and Bedvaz Dam in Esferayen. Journal of Geography and Regional Development. 7 (13), (19), 2012.
Mudzengi B.K. and Chazireni E. An assessment of the health impacts of the construction of siya dam in the mazungunye area of bikita district, ZIMBABWE. (EJPMR) European journal of pharmaceutical and Medical research.4 (11), 10, 2017.
Tilt B., Braun Y. and He D. Social impacts of large dam projects: A comparison of international case studies and implications for best practice. Journal of Environmental Management, 90 (3), 249, 2009.
Huiyi C. Sustainable Development in China's Decision Making on Large Dams: A case study of the Nu River Basin, Sweden, Uppsala University press, 2013.
Bhatia R., Cestti R., Scatasta M., and Malik R. Indirect economic impacts of dams: case studies from India, Egypt, and Brazil, Washington, World Bank, 2008.
Egre D., and Senecal P. Social impact assessments of large dams throughout the world: lessons learned over two decades. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 21 (3), 215, 2003. doi:10.3152/147154603781766310.
Bhatti N.B., Sial A.A., Qureshi A.L. Groundwater quality assessment using water quality index: A Case study of Nagarparkar, Sindh, Pakistan. Sindh Univ. Res. Jour. (Sci. Ser.).50 (002), 227, 2018.
Wajid, Usman, Khan, Amjad Ali Chaudhry. Socio-economic impact of small dams on local vicinity in Peshawar. Global Journal of Management and Business Research Economics and Commerce. 13 (5), 31, 2013. Online ISSN: 2249-4588 & Print ISSN: 0975-5853.
Amidu Ayeni, Lawrence Ojifo. The socio-economics dynamics of Dam on Rural Communities: A case study of Oyan Dam, Nigeria. The International Association of Hydrological Sciences. 379, 175, 2018. doi:10.5194/piahs-379-175-2018.
Peter Bilson Oboura, Kwadwo Owusub, Edmond Akwasi Agyemanc, Albert Ahenkandand A `-ngel Navarro Madrid. The impacts of dams on local livelihoods: a study of the BuiHydroelectric Project in Ghana. International Journal of Water Resources Development. 32 (2), 286, 2016. doi: 10.1080/07900627.2015.1022892.
Sanaz Tajziehchi1, Seyed Masoud Monavari1, Abdulreza Karbassi. An effective participatory-based method for Dam social impact assessment. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 21 (6), 1841, 2012.
Appiah D.O., Sarfo M., Bridgette Famieh B., Addai H. Environmental and Socioeconomic Perturbations of a Dam Project on Catchment Communities, Ghana. Global Environment, Health and Safety.1 (2:13), pp,1 2017.
Atindana S.A., Mensaha P., Alhassan E.h., Ampofo- Yeboah A., S.M., Kongyuure D.N., Abarike E.D. The socio-economic impact of Bui dam on resettled communities; A case study of Lucene and Agbegikuro communities in northern region of Ghana. UDS international journal of development (UDSIJD). 2 (1), 1, 2015.
Hojat Allah Sadeghi, Seyed skandar Seidaiy, Mohammad Reza Rezvani. The socio-economic effects of Karun 3 dam on the sustainable development of rural areas. A case study in Iran. Human Geographies – Journal of Studies and Research in Human Geography. 11(2), 213, 2017. doi:11260.5719/hgeo.2017. 1.
William Trochim, K.M. Types of Reliability. Research Methods Knowledge Base, Web Center for Social Research Methods, 2006.
Kirchherr J., and Charles K. The social impacts of dams: A new framework for scholarly analysis. Environmental Impact Assessment Review. 60 (1), 99, 2016. doi: 10.1016/j.eiar.2016.02.007 0195-9255.
Kirchherr J., Pohlner H., and Charles, K. Cleaning up the big muddy: A meta-synthesis of the research on the social impact of dams, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 60 (1), 115, 2016. doi: 10.1016/j.eiar.2016.02.007 0195-9255.
DOI: 10.28991/cej-2019-03091233
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2019 Nabi Bux Bhatti, Altaf Ali Siyal, Abdul Latif Qureshi, Imtiaz Ali Bhatti
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.