Durability of Mortars Modified with Calcined Montmorillonite Clay
Vol. 5 No. 7 (2019): July
Research Articles
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This study aims to evaluate the performance of mortars containing locally available Pakistani montmorillonite (Mmt) clay mineral as partial replacement of cement in various curing environments. The local montmorillonite clay in "As is” (20°C) and "heated” (100°C, 200°C, 300°C, 400°C, 500°C, 600°C, 700°C, 800°C, 900°C & 1000°C) conditions was incorporated in mortar cubes as partial replacement of cement. Montmorillonite clay of all the temperatures was replaced by 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% and 35% of cement mass in mortar cubes. The Strength Activity Index (SAI) was calculated to determine the optimum activation temperature for the clay. Compressive strengths of the controlled mix and montmorillonite modified mortars were evaluated under the Sodium Sulfate (SS) (5% solution) and mixed (Sodium Sulfate + Sodium Chloride (SCS)) (5% +3.5% solution) curing environments to study its durability performance. Upon thermal treatment montmorillonite clay showed maximum activation at 800°C temperature. Mortar containing (800°C) calcined montmorillonite clay with 25% cement replacement exhibit competent compression results. Moreover, up on exposure to aggressive environments, montmorillonite clay mortars performed better than the control samples. The mortar cubes exposed to Sulfate environment (SS) were more damaged in compression than that exposed to mixed environment (SCS), for all replacement levels and time exposures.
Rehman, S. U., Yaqub, M., Ali, T., Shahzada, K., Khan, S. W., & Noman, M. (2019). Durability of Mortars Modified with Calcined Montmorillonite Clay. Civil Engineering Journal, 5(7), 1490–1505. https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2019-03091347
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[1] Frias, M., S. Goñi, R. García, and R. Vigil de La Villa. "Seawater Effect on Durability of Ternary Cements. Synergy of Chloride and Sulphate Ions.” Composites Part B: Engineering 46 (March 2013): 173–178. doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.09.089.
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[4] Nochaiya, Thanongsak, Watcharapong Wongkeo, and Arnon Chaipanich. "Utilization of Fly Ash with Silica Fume and Properties of Portland Cement–fly Ash–silica Fume Concrete.” Fuel 89, no. 3 (March 2010): 768–774. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2009.10.003.
[5] Leklou, Nordine, Van-Huong Nguyen, and Pierre Mounanga. "The Effect of the Partial Cement Substitution with Fly Ash on Delayed Ettringite Formation in Heat-Cured Mortars.” KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 21, no. 4 (July 7, 2016): 1359–1366. doi:10.1007/s12205-016-0778-9.
[6] Zhou, Yingwu, Hao Tian, Lili Sui, Feng Xing, and Ningxu Han. "Strength Deterioration of Concrete in Sulfate Environment: An Experimental Study and Theoretical Modeling.” Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–13. doi:10.1155/2015/951209.
[7] M. Collepardi, "Ettringite formation and sulfate attack on concrete," ACI Special Publications, vol. 200, pp. 21-38, 2001.
[8] Neville, Adam. "The Confused World of Sulfate Attack on Concrete.” Cement and Concrete Research 34, no. 8 (August 2004): 1275–1296. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.04.004.
[9] Santhanam, Manu, Menashi D Cohen, and Jan Olek. "Sulfate Attack Research ” Whither Now?” Cement and Concrete Research 31, no. 6 (May 2001): 845–851. doi:10.1016/s0008-8846(01)00510-5.
[10] Sun, Chao, Jiankang Chen, Jue Zhu, Minghua Zhang, and Jian Ye. "A New Diffusion Model of Sulfate Ions in Concrete.” Construction and Building Materials 39 (February 2013): 39–45. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.05.022.
[11] Bonakdar, A., B. Mobasher, and N. Chawla. "Diffusivity and Micro-Hardness of Blended Cement Materials Exposed to External Sulfate Attack.” Cement and Concrete Composites 34, no. 1 (January 2012): 76–85. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2011.08.016.
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[13] Lorente, Sylvie, Marie-Pierre Yssorche-Cubaynes, and Jérome Auger. "Sulfate Transfer through Concrete: Migration and Diffusion Results.” Cement and Concrete Composites 33, no. 7 (August 2011): 735–741. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2011.05.001.
[14] Tixier, Raphaí«l, and Barzin Mobasher. "Modeling of damage in cement-based materials subjected to external sulfate attack. II: Comparison with experiments." Journal of materials in civil engineering 15, no. 4 (2003): 314-322. doi: 10.1061/(asce)0899-1561(2003)15:4(314).
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[17] Zhang, Minghua, Jiankang Chen, Yunfeng Lv, Dongjie Wang, and Jian Ye. "Study on the Expansion of Concrete Under Attack of Sulfate and Sulfate–chloride Ions.” Construction and Building Materials 39 (February 2013): 26–32. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.05.003.
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[19] Maes, Mathias, and Nele De Belie. "Resistance of Concrete and Mortar Against Combined Attack of Chloride and Sodium Sulphate.” Cement and Concrete Composites 53 (October 2014): 59–72. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.06.013.
[20] Jo, Byung Wan, Sumit Chakraborty, Seung-Tae Lee, and Yun Sung Lee. "Durability Study of Silica Fume-Mortar Exposed to the Combined Sulfate and Chloride-Rich Solution.” KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 23, no. 1 (December 17, 2018): 356–366. doi:10.1007/s12205-018-5809-2.
[21] Siddique, Rafat, and Mohammad Iqbal Khan. "Supplementary Cementing Materials.” Engineering Materials (2011). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-17866-5.
[22] Duan, Ping, Zhonghe Shui, Wei Chen, and Chunhua Shen. "Enhancing Microstructure and Durability of Concrete from Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag and Metakaolin as Cement Replacement Materials.” Journal of Materials Research and Technology 2, no. 1 (January 2013): 52–59. doi:10.1016/j.jmrt.2013.03.010.
[23] Lee, S.T., H.Y. Moon, and R.N. Swamy. "Sulfate Attack and Role of Silica Fume in Resisting Strength Loss.” Cement and Concrete Composites 27, no. 1 (January 2005): 65–76. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2003.11.003.
[24] Courard, Luc, Anne Darimont, Marleen Schouterden, Fabrice Ferauche, Xavier Willem, and Robert Degeimbre. "Durability of Mortars Modified with Metakaolin.” Cement and Concrete Research 33, no. 9 (September 2003): 1473–1479. doi:10.1016/s0008-8846(03)00090-5.
[25] Al-Dulaijan, S.U., M. Maslehuddin, M.M. Al-Zahrani, A.M. Sharif, M. Shameem, and M. Ibrahim. "Sulfate Resistance of Plain and Blended Cements Exposed to Varying Concentrations of Sodium Sulfate.” Cement and Concrete Composites 25, no. 4–5 (May 2003): 429–437. doi:10.1016/s0958-9465(02)00083-5.
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[28] Provis, John L. "Alkali-Activation of Calcined Clays – Past, Present and Future.” Calcined Clays for Sustainable Concrete (October 28, 2017): 372–376. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1207-9_60.
[29] Martirena, Fernando, Aurélie Favier, and Karen Scrivener, eds. "Calcined Clays for Sustainable Concrete.” RILEM Bookseries (2018). doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1207-9.
[30] Bai, J., S. Wild, and B.B. Sabir. "Chloride Ingress and Strength Loss in Concrete with Different PC–PFA–MK Binder Compositions Exposed to Synthetic Seawater.” Cement and Concrete Research 33, no. 3 (March 2003): 353–362. doi:10.1016/s0008-8846(02)00961-4.
[31] Khan, Muhammad Umar, Shamsad Ahmad, and Husain Jubran Al-Gahtani. "Chloride-Induced Corrosion of Steel in Concrete: An Overview on Chloride Diffusion and Prediction of Corrosion Initiation Time.” International Journal of Corrosion 2017 (2017): 1–9. doi:10.1155/2017/5819202.
[32] Sarfo-Ansah, James, Eugene Atiemo, Kwabena Appiah Boakye, Delali Adjei, and Albert A. Adjaottor. "Calcined Clay Pozzolan as an Admixture to Mitigate the Alkali-Silica Reaction in Concrete.” Journal of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering 02, no. 05 (2014): 20–26. doi:10.4236/msce.2014.25004.
[33] Pierkes, Roland, Simone E. Schulze, and Jörg Rickert. "Durability of Concretes Made with Calcined Clay Composite Cements.” Calcined Clays for Sustainable Concrete (October 28, 2017): 366–371. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1207-9_59.
[34] Barış, Kübra Ekiz, and Leyla Tanaçan. "Durability of Steam Cured Pozzolanic Mortars at Atmospheric Pressure.” Calcined Clays for Sustainable Concrete (October 28, 2017): 46–53. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1207-9_8.
[35] Díaz, Ernesto, Raúl González, Dayran Rocha, Adrian Alujas, and Fernando Martirena. "Carbonation of Concrete with Low Carbon Cement LC3 Exposed to Different Environmental Conditions.” Calcined Clays for Sustainable Concrete (October 28, 2017): 141–146. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1207-9_22.
[36] Maraghechi, H., F. Avet, and K. Scrivener. "Chloride Transport Behavior of LC3 Binders.” Calcined Clays for Sustainable Concrete (October 28, 2017): 306–309. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1207-9_49.
[37] Berrocal, Carlos G., Karin Lundgren, and Ingemar Löfgren. "Corrosion of Steel Bars Embedded in Fibre Reinforced Concrete Under Chloride Attack: State of the Art.” Cement and Concrete Research 80 (February 2016): 69–85. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.10.006.
[38] Amin, Noor-ul, Sultan Alam, and Saeed Gul. "Effect of Thermally Activated Clay on Corrosion and Chloride Resistivity of Cement Mortar.” Journal of Cleaner Production 111 (January 2016): 155–160. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.06.097.
[39] Noor-ul-Amin. "Use of Clay as a Cement Replacement in Mortar and Its Chemical Activation to Reduce the Cost and Emission of Greenhouse Gases.” Construction and Building Materials 34 (September 2012): 381–384. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.02.022.
[40] Ali, Babar, Liaqat Ali Qureshi, Muhammad Asad Nawaz, and Hafiz Muhammad Usman Aslam. "Combined Influence of Fly Ash and Recycled Coarse Aggregates on Strength and Economic Performance of Concrete.” Civil Engineering Journal 5, no. 4 (April 28, 2019): 832–844. doi:10.28991/cej-2019-03091292.
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[43] A. Standard, "ASTM C109”, "Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50-Mm] Cube Specimens)” (2008). doi:10.1520/c0109_c0109m-13.
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[45] Snellings, R., G. Mertens, and J. Elsen. "Supplementary Cementitious Materials.” Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 74, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 211–278. doi:10.2138/rmg.2012.74.6.
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[49] Mirza, J., M. Riaz, A. Naseer, F. Rehman, A.N. Khan, and Q. Ali. "Pakistani Bentonite in Mortars and Concrete as Low Cost Construction Material.” Applied Clay Science 45, no. 4 (August 2009): 220–226. doi:10.1016/j.clay.2009.06.011.
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[2] P. W. Brown and H. F. W. Taylor, "The role of ettringite in external sulfate attack," Materials Science of Concrete: Sulfate Attack Mechanisms, The American Ceramic Society, pp. 73-98, 1999.
[3] Neville, Adam M., and Jeffrey John Brooks. Concrete technology. England: Longman Scientific & Technical, 1987.
[4] Nochaiya, Thanongsak, Watcharapong Wongkeo, and Arnon Chaipanich. "Utilization of Fly Ash with Silica Fume and Properties of Portland Cement–fly Ash–silica Fume Concrete.” Fuel 89, no. 3 (March 2010): 768–774. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2009.10.003.
[5] Leklou, Nordine, Van-Huong Nguyen, and Pierre Mounanga. "The Effect of the Partial Cement Substitution with Fly Ash on Delayed Ettringite Formation in Heat-Cured Mortars.” KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 21, no. 4 (July 7, 2016): 1359–1366. doi:10.1007/s12205-016-0778-9.
[6] Zhou, Yingwu, Hao Tian, Lili Sui, Feng Xing, and Ningxu Han. "Strength Deterioration of Concrete in Sulfate Environment: An Experimental Study and Theoretical Modeling.” Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–13. doi:10.1155/2015/951209.
[7] M. Collepardi, "Ettringite formation and sulfate attack on concrete," ACI Special Publications, vol. 200, pp. 21-38, 2001.
[8] Neville, Adam. "The Confused World of Sulfate Attack on Concrete.” Cement and Concrete Research 34, no. 8 (August 2004): 1275–1296. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.04.004.
[9] Santhanam, Manu, Menashi D Cohen, and Jan Olek. "Sulfate Attack Research ” Whither Now?” Cement and Concrete Research 31, no. 6 (May 2001): 845–851. doi:10.1016/s0008-8846(01)00510-5.
[10] Sun, Chao, Jiankang Chen, Jue Zhu, Minghua Zhang, and Jian Ye. "A New Diffusion Model of Sulfate Ions in Concrete.” Construction and Building Materials 39 (February 2013): 39–45. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.05.022.
[11] Bonakdar, A., B. Mobasher, and N. Chawla. "Diffusivity and Micro-Hardness of Blended Cement Materials Exposed to External Sulfate Attack.” Cement and Concrete Composites 34, no. 1 (January 2012): 76–85. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2011.08.016.
[12] Idiart, Andrés E., Carlos M. López, and Ignacio Carol. "Chemo-Mechanical Analysis of Concrete Cracking and Degradation Due to External Sulfate Attack: A Meso-Scale Model.” Cement and Concrete Composites 33, no. 3 (March 2011): 411–423. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2010.12.001.
[13] Lorente, Sylvie, Marie-Pierre Yssorche-Cubaynes, and Jérome Auger. "Sulfate Transfer through Concrete: Migration and Diffusion Results.” Cement and Concrete Composites 33, no. 7 (August 2011): 735–741. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2011.05.001.
[14] Tixier, Raphaí«l, and Barzin Mobasher. "Modeling of damage in cement-based materials subjected to external sulfate attack. II: Comparison with experiments." Journal of materials in civil engineering 15, no. 4 (2003): 314-322. doi: 10.1061/(asce)0899-1561(2003)15:4(314).
[15] Aí¯t-Mokhtar, Abdelkarim, and Olivier Millet, eds. "Structure Design and Degradation Mechanisms in Coastal Environments” (June 12, 2015). doi:10.1002/9781119006046.
[16] Lee, Seung-Tae. "Performance of Mortars Exposed to Different Sulfate Concentrations.” KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 16, no. 4 (April 29, 2012): 601–609. doi:10.1007/s12205-012-1054-2.
[17] Zhang, Minghua, Jiankang Chen, Yunfeng Lv, Dongjie Wang, and Jian Ye. "Study on the Expansion of Concrete Under Attack of Sulfate and Sulfate–chloride Ions.” Construction and Building Materials 39 (February 2013): 26–32. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.05.003.
[18] Jo, Byung Wan, Muhammad Ali Sikandar, Sumit Chakraborty, and Zafar Baloch. "Investigation of the Acid and Sulfate Resistance Performances of Hydrogen-Rich Water Based Mortars.” Construction and Building Materials 137 (April 2017): 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.01.074.
[19] Maes, Mathias, and Nele De Belie. "Resistance of Concrete and Mortar Against Combined Attack of Chloride and Sodium Sulphate.” Cement and Concrete Composites 53 (October 2014): 59–72. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.06.013.
[20] Jo, Byung Wan, Sumit Chakraborty, Seung-Tae Lee, and Yun Sung Lee. "Durability Study of Silica Fume-Mortar Exposed to the Combined Sulfate and Chloride-Rich Solution.” KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 23, no. 1 (December 17, 2018): 356–366. doi:10.1007/s12205-018-5809-2.
[21] Siddique, Rafat, and Mohammad Iqbal Khan. "Supplementary Cementing Materials.” Engineering Materials (2011). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-17866-5.
[22] Duan, Ping, Zhonghe Shui, Wei Chen, and Chunhua Shen. "Enhancing Microstructure and Durability of Concrete from Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag and Metakaolin as Cement Replacement Materials.” Journal of Materials Research and Technology 2, no. 1 (January 2013): 52–59. doi:10.1016/j.jmrt.2013.03.010.
[23] Lee, S.T., H.Y. Moon, and R.N. Swamy. "Sulfate Attack and Role of Silica Fume in Resisting Strength Loss.” Cement and Concrete Composites 27, no. 1 (January 2005): 65–76. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2003.11.003.
[24] Courard, Luc, Anne Darimont, Marleen Schouterden, Fabrice Ferauche, Xavier Willem, and Robert Degeimbre. "Durability of Mortars Modified with Metakaolin.” Cement and Concrete Research 33, no. 9 (September 2003): 1473–1479. doi:10.1016/s0008-8846(03)00090-5.
[25] Al-Dulaijan, S.U., M. Maslehuddin, M.M. Al-Zahrani, A.M. Sharif, M. Shameem, and M. Ibrahim. "Sulfate Resistance of Plain and Blended Cements Exposed to Varying Concentrations of Sodium Sulfate.” Cement and Concrete Composites 25, no. 4–5 (May 2003): 429–437. doi:10.1016/s0958-9465(02)00083-5.
[26] A. M. Neville, Properties of concrete vol. 4: Longman London, 1995.
[27] Mwiti, Marangu J., Thiong'o J. Karanja, and Wachira J. Muthengia. "Thermal Resistivity of Chemically Activated Calcined Clays-Based Cements.” Calcined Clays for Sustainable Concrete (October 28, 2017): 327–333. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1207-9_53.
[28] Provis, John L. "Alkali-Activation of Calcined Clays – Past, Present and Future.” Calcined Clays for Sustainable Concrete (October 28, 2017): 372–376. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1207-9_60.
[29] Martirena, Fernando, Aurélie Favier, and Karen Scrivener, eds. "Calcined Clays for Sustainable Concrete.” RILEM Bookseries (2018). doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1207-9.
[30] Bai, J., S. Wild, and B.B. Sabir. "Chloride Ingress and Strength Loss in Concrete with Different PC–PFA–MK Binder Compositions Exposed to Synthetic Seawater.” Cement and Concrete Research 33, no. 3 (March 2003): 353–362. doi:10.1016/s0008-8846(02)00961-4.
[31] Khan, Muhammad Umar, Shamsad Ahmad, and Husain Jubran Al-Gahtani. "Chloride-Induced Corrosion of Steel in Concrete: An Overview on Chloride Diffusion and Prediction of Corrosion Initiation Time.” International Journal of Corrosion 2017 (2017): 1–9. doi:10.1155/2017/5819202.
[32] Sarfo-Ansah, James, Eugene Atiemo, Kwabena Appiah Boakye, Delali Adjei, and Albert A. Adjaottor. "Calcined Clay Pozzolan as an Admixture to Mitigate the Alkali-Silica Reaction in Concrete.” Journal of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering 02, no. 05 (2014): 20–26. doi:10.4236/msce.2014.25004.
[33] Pierkes, Roland, Simone E. Schulze, and Jörg Rickert. "Durability of Concretes Made with Calcined Clay Composite Cements.” Calcined Clays for Sustainable Concrete (October 28, 2017): 366–371. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1207-9_59.
[34] Barış, Kübra Ekiz, and Leyla Tanaçan. "Durability of Steam Cured Pozzolanic Mortars at Atmospheric Pressure.” Calcined Clays for Sustainable Concrete (October 28, 2017): 46–53. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1207-9_8.
[35] Díaz, Ernesto, Raúl González, Dayran Rocha, Adrian Alujas, and Fernando Martirena. "Carbonation of Concrete with Low Carbon Cement LC3 Exposed to Different Environmental Conditions.” Calcined Clays for Sustainable Concrete (October 28, 2017): 141–146. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1207-9_22.
[36] Maraghechi, H., F. Avet, and K. Scrivener. "Chloride Transport Behavior of LC3 Binders.” Calcined Clays for Sustainable Concrete (October 28, 2017): 306–309. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1207-9_49.
[37] Berrocal, Carlos G., Karin Lundgren, and Ingemar Löfgren. "Corrosion of Steel Bars Embedded in Fibre Reinforced Concrete Under Chloride Attack: State of the Art.” Cement and Concrete Research 80 (February 2016): 69–85. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.10.006.
[38] Amin, Noor-ul, Sultan Alam, and Saeed Gul. "Effect of Thermally Activated Clay on Corrosion and Chloride Resistivity of Cement Mortar.” Journal of Cleaner Production 111 (January 2016): 155–160. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.06.097.
[39] Noor-ul-Amin. "Use of Clay as a Cement Replacement in Mortar and Its Chemical Activation to Reduce the Cost and Emission of Greenhouse Gases.” Construction and Building Materials 34 (September 2012): 381–384. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.02.022.
[40] Ali, Babar, Liaqat Ali Qureshi, Muhammad Asad Nawaz, and Hafiz Muhammad Usman Aslam. "Combined Influence of Fly Ash and Recycled Coarse Aggregates on Strength and Economic Performance of Concrete.” Civil Engineering Journal 5, no. 4 (April 28, 2019): 832–844. doi:10.28991/cej-2019-03091292.
[41] A. Standard, "C150-07,"Specification for Portland Cement” (2007). doi:10.1520/c0150-07.
[42] C. ASTM, "Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates” (2006). doi:10.1520/c0136-01.
[43] A. Standard, "ASTM C109”, "Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50-Mm] Cube Specimens)” (2008). doi:10.1520/c0109_c0109m-13.
[44] C. ASTM, "Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete” (2012). doi:10.1520/c0618-01.
[45] Snellings, R., G. Mertens, and J. Elsen. "Supplementary Cementitious Materials.” Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 74, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 211–278. doi:10.2138/rmg.2012.74.6.
[46] Swamy, R. Narayan, and R. N. Swamy. Cement replacement materials. Vol. 3. Sheffield: Surrey University Press, 1986.
[47] Mehta, P. Kumar. "Role of pozzolanic and cementious material in sustainable development of the concrete industry." Special Publication 178 (1998): 1-20.
[48] Mehta, P.K. "Studies on Blended Portland Cements Containing Santorin Earth.” Cement and Concrete Research 11, no. 4 (July 1981): 507–518. doi:10.1016/0008-8846(81)90080-6.
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